410
410 B.C.E The first reference to phobic problems, seen in the works of ancient GrEek physician Hippocrates.
An Exploration of Fear KING’S HIGH SCHOOL, WARWICK
A JOURNEY THROUGH THE PAST, MYTHS
PRESENT,
&
AND FUTURE
LEGENDS
OF FEAR
Political FEAR
APPEAL
PHOBIAS
NEUROSCIENCE
Reflections What is fear? The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as “1. an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain or harm, 2. the likelihood of something unwelcome happening”, but what does that actually mean to an individual? Is it the feeling just before an exam, an inexplicable sense that something is wrong, late nights spent agonising over what is to come? Or is it a state of mind, individual to all of us, impossible to pin down and define? Fear can come in different forms, a small niggle at the back of your mind, a gut feeling that something is wrong, or a physical reaction, trembling, or fiddling. It can shape and define your day without it even being a conscious event. For others, it is fear of persecution because of your identity or beliefs. For many people, fear is walking down a dark street at night. Catching sight of someone behind you, enough to unsettle and make you revise your plans. The small precautions you take if you have to walk alone. Making sure someone knows where you are going, going over the route in your head, trying to stay in brightly lit areas. This is the reality that people have gotten used to, just a small part of life you need to think about. This is the result of the hostile culture that has flourished for centuries. It is alarming that such a thing is a still fundamental feature of society, but unfortunately it is a legitimate concern, not just for female presenting people, but anybody. Whilst the stereotype is very much that women should not walk alone after dark, the truth is that most people have a reason to be apprehensive about this. For some, fear is a motivator, a driving force. A little piece of life which is unpleasant but necessary to overcome so that they develop and grow. It can be a formidable adversary, stopping someone in their tracks and preventing them from going down one path, but leading them to another which may benefit or hinder them in the long term. Fear can be soul destroying and malicious, a bitter enemy. It could be the unnerving feeling of being surrounded by friends and still feeling utterly alone. Our deepest and darkest fears can coexist with small and light-hearted ones. They’re all relative, a fear of heights can look insignificant compared to claustrophobia and that, in turn, can look inconsequential when compared to a fear of discovery and exposure. Fear paralyses and induces panic. It can be found in the far reaches of humanity and everyday society. It can lead to violent action or hate. Hate can develop from fear, often due to a lack of understanding, but hate, in turn, leads to fear. If this is the case, are we in a never-ending cycle of fear and hate, hate and fear?
ON
F E A R ELISABETH EDWARDS
‘To fear love is to fear life, and those who fear life are already three parts dead’
Bertrand Russell
SHIVANSHI BHATT
EPHILATES The son of Euryolemus, who betrayed his homeland in hope of receiving reward. This betrayal caused the name ‘Ephilates’ to receive lasting stigma; it came to mean nightmare in the Greek language, and to symbolise the archetypal traitor in Greek cultute.
MYTHS AND LEGENDS
MEDUSA one human, 8 serpents, 18 eyes boring into the soul of the unsuspecting bystander without emotion, any sentiment dissolving into pure evil. avoidance of the so called devil is key, key to Living. But. It is impossible to shy away from the Fear encapsulating the realm, the Fear burning into the eyes of the naïve onlooker. everyone knows, But. nobody who has seen is Living to tell the tale; of the woman so dazzled at her own reflection that she paid a price for the vanity. But. the world paid a price too.
GIGI THOMAS
GRACE KING-TURNER
RUBY WEBSTER
DRAKULYA
The legend of the existence of vampires is prevalent throughout the past century. Through the production of popular teen series, fictitious novels and the basis for many a dark cinematic production. The myth of Vlad Dracula, although exaggerated over the centuries since the original existence, in reality is not quite so much a myth as a twisted truth interpreted. A story of a ruler so barbaric, so sadistic, that his name’s literal translation is ‘the son of the devil’.
kill a vampire, using a stake through the heart.
The ingestion of blood is the central aspect of the legend of Dracula, most likely due to the bloodthirsty nature of its origin. However, in addition to this less gruesome, more simplistic interpretation, there are many accounts in existence which make references to Vlad III’s particular fancy of partaking in a meal amidst the impaled victims and even on occasion dipping his bread into their blood. Whether that is factual or an exaggerated Vlad Tepes (Vlad the Impaler) ruled the land of take on events, a method into scaring rivals or simWallachia for a duration of 28 years. A throne ply a poor translation is debatable, but the meals claimed through the murder of the leader Drac- themselves taking place at least are known fact. ul and Radu, his father and brother. Tepes became a nickname which stemmed from his in- As one of the first known leaders to use a strain famous, and preferred, way of discarding his of biological warfare within his battles, the Walenemies, through the piking of decomposing lachian leader would often send diseased persons bodies upon wooden stakes. It is said that during carrying illnesses such as syphilis disguised as Otone battle the Ottomans were marching through tomans into rival camps. This was a result of his the woods, as Vlad had retreated into nearby cruel imagination and advanced military tactics. mountains impaling as he went, and the Turkish Syphilis as a disease can manifest acute psychoadvance halted as the Sultan couldn’t bare the sis, auditory hallucinations, and intermittent exstench that had been left behind. This is perhaps plosive disorder with pending legal ramifications what inspired the idea of how to permanently for physical violence. Meaning that soldiers who
ISABEL BRAND
caught such a disease in the Ottoman camps themselves could begin attacking their own. This was a less known method in the mid-fifteenth century, so appeared foreign within the opponent bases. Therefore, I believe it could be misinterpreted as vampirism; a rapid spreading disease causing what could have been perceived to be blind loyalty to the master Dracula, along with bloodthirsty violent outbursts created through a method of warfare so foreign and unknown that it wouldn’t have been linked as a means of attack. By this time, rumours of the vampirism had already cultivated and spread across army ranks, so connections could be easily drawn, however inaccurate in reality. The final, and perhaps most strange, reason for what I believe are the survival and origins of such a myth, is the disappearance of the body of Vlad Dracula. Buried at the isolated Snagov Monastery in 1476, a place in which prisoners were held and tortured, praying as they were dropped via trap door onto sharp stakes, the casket was founded once again in 1931. It was found draped in purple with gold embroidery, containing a skeleton covered in silk brocade with a painting of Dracula, along with cloisonné crown trimmed with turquoise stones and a ring similar to the Order of the Dragon tied onto the shirt sleeve. The con-
tents were transported to the History Museum in Bucharest but have since disappeared leaving the mystery of Prince Vlad of Wallachia unanswered, linking to the belief of the immortality of Dracula. There are many aspects of the life of Vlad Tepes which could have led to the cultivation of the legend of vampires. Aside from the atrocities committed by this ruler and the vanishing of the long dead corpse, I believe the most plausible explanations of the beginnings of this lore are the following: People don’t want to believe that a person is capable of such evil, in that era the idea of him being a monster was in ways more comforting due to the lack of humanity present, along with the likely existence of cannibals. Additionally, the rumours could have been spread by the Wallachian army and people, to spark fear within their enemies to ward off attacks and defiance, forming a kind of terror state. Whichever reasoning you decide upon, Prince Vlad of Wallachia is still remembered to this day, represented through all creative mediums for the evil acts he committed 500 years ago. HANNAH MASSEY
A S P O E F C F T E A S R
LAURA WILEY
ww
MANIPULATE SHIVANSHI BHATT
Polarising people is a good way to win an election and also a good way to wreck a country. Many a time freedom has been rolled back - and always for the same reason: FeaR
POLITICAL FEAR
- MOLLY IVINS
THE
F A L L
Fear and destructivness are the major emotional sources of fascism, eros belongs mainly to democracy.
- theodor adorno
OF
DEMOCRACY In recent years, there has been overwhelmingly negative. The western a global decline in democracy. world never used to be so opposed. But what is democracy? Democracy is ‘the rule of the majority’; it’s the system which allows us to vote; it’s ‘government by the people’. Democracy enables us to have freedoms: freedom of press, speech and assembly. However, it is these same freedoms of democracy that are the underlying causes for its growing decline.
ANOUSHKA MUNDEY
In the increasingly polarised and partisan western world, every day, we hear opposing opinions on different topics, from Coronavirus to Climate Change. We’re constantly hearing about Democrats and Republicans and Trump and Conservatives and Labour and any-other-politician-ever; it always seems to be
Many theorists have identified one consistent reason for this polarisation: the internet. Previously, especially in places like Britain, we were able to have ’a single national conversation’ through the radio or newspaper. Although our sources for information were not singular, they were limited and controlled. Everyone listened or read the same sources, this limitation allowed more coherency, it meant the general public’s views were more moderate. However, due to smartphones and the internet, the ‘medium’ for the conversation has changed and is now uncontrolled. The few voices providing the
RUBY WEBSTER
narrative has turned into infinitely more. These mocracy fundamentally is. It pushes people different sources take away a countries abili- towards authoritarianism or any government ty to have that ‘single national conversation’. which would restrict freedom of speech, press or assembly. We have already seen evidence of Further, due to the range of sources, the lack this. In the past months, ‘Trumpies’ have invadof controlled information, and algorithms that ed congress, disrupting democracy. Whether are personalised for your interests, the general consciously or unconsciously, it was an attempt public have become more extreme and more to remove a democratically elected official. radicalised. This change in medium has contributed dramatically to western polarisation. The internet allows more ‘noise’ and more opinions, and it is within human nature to However, this is not the singular place where feel overwhelmed; however, it is dependent on democracy is declining. A coup d’état occurred whether you would take action on this feeling. in Myanmar, reinstating military rule, and in Brazil, many are fearful of Jair Bolsonaro’s inA world that is ‘silent’ and has ’a controlled nar- creased use of their military. This evident diverrative’ is becoming more attractive; it would gence from democracy is terrifying for many, allow calm and rid this feeling of constant the prospect of the rise of authoritarianism is negativity. This desire is opposite to what de- seemingly becoming a much more vivid future.
LAURA WILLEY
The
CULTURE of
FEAR
In 1997, when Frank Furedi published his book The Culture of Fear, the term was not widely understood, and it had little resonance with the general public. But now, in the 21st century, the culture of fear is a palpable reality that shapes daily life across the globe. The term ‘culture of fear’ is the concept of politicians inciting fear in the general public to achieve political goals through emotional bias. Public panics, extensively linked with the culture of fear, have become more widespread in the last 20 years, ranging from issues of genetically modified crops and vaccinations to most notably the collapse of the World Trade Centre in 2001. In his book, Culture of Fear Revisited, Furedi reflects that fear is ‘no longer simply an emotion’ but instead has become a ‘cultural idiom through which we signal a sense of growing unease about our place in the world’. Politicians and public figures are encouraging an ‘expansive alarmist imagination’ by providing the public with ‘fearful programmes about impending calamities’ in order to promote their cause, and in their minds is a justified course of action. Furedi continues that this culture of fear is innately unnecessary, particularly in the 21st century, where Western society has less familiarity with pain, suffering, and death. Furedi highlights, however, that society is ‘far better placed to deal with the outbreak of new disease than was the case in the past’. In 2020, this is laughable. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown two things: society seemingly is not better at dealing with an outbreak of a disease than it was 100 years ago, and the culture of fear still very much exists. During the course of the pandemic, prime minister Boris Johnson has been accused numerous times of exploiting fear to suit his actions undertaken during 2020. Quoting the words of Furedi himself, journalist Simon Jenkins stated that Johnson’s action of spreading fear was the ‘politics of denial…. A manipulative project to immobilise public debate’. For better, or for worse, the culture of fear was utilised by Johnson in order to ensure that the general public was compliant with guidelines and laws imposed during the pandemic, whether it was for their safety or to ensure that criticism was kept to a minimum. The last two decades have shown that fear has been exploited and abused by many public figures, most notably politicians, to guide the public towards their way of thinking and justify abhorrent actions against others in the name of ‘safety’. LAURA BARNES
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HOME IS FAR AWAY A WRITING DEPECTING THE CRUELTY OF WAR
It was the moment I stared into her eyes. That’s when I knew. Anguish filled me, and it spilled over the brim between what I could bare and what I could not. Weighing me down, I collapsed to the floor, a single sob of guilt echoing in the room. I clutched the stone floor, grappling at anything to hold onto as I broke down. ‘They fear he’s dead’. It was those words that killed me instead of him. The thought of his innocence laying waste in the mud of France. He’d been braver than most, clinging to bravery as though he had it. Did anyone truly have it? I don’t think they did. ‘It was the bloodiest battle of the war’. So, I would not be alone. That’s what scared me the most. I longed for loneliness, hoping…praying to whoever may listen that another mother would not have to feel the sorrow that encased me. Death rippled down the street, the stench of hatred and agony swept through our cramped ally – the news that our boys were gone. The silence was eerie. It had not been this quiet since the fateful day that the war itself was declared. There was no death back then, just a future of absence and terror. I stared that future, the present, in the face, with knowledge that he could no longer fulfil his promise. ‘I’ll be back, don’t you worry’. His last words. His voice scarred my mind, the heartache flooded me, and I let go of my grip on his hand. I wish I hadn’t. Even if it were only a second longer, it would have been a second longer with him. I sat at the door every day. Waiting. Waiting for the news that he was injured and coming home. I never thought I would wish for him to be injured, never wished to betray my country in hoping that they would have to let go of a strong, willing man. But I did. Because I am selfish. I wanted to keep him safe, my babe, tuck him safely in my arms and never let go. But I did let him go. And now he is dead. I dread it was all my fault.
LAURA BARNES
LAURA WILLEY
SHIVANSHI BHATT Falling and loud noises, Are the only things I’m programmed To fear. But I fear more… (1) being a disappointment, (2) not doing well enough – Different definitions for Different people. (3) people. (4) living an arbitrary life –
OF ALL
I
want to wake up at 3am
And work in the night’s lap, the moon As my lonely companion. (5) the dark
THE
(6) my mother forgetting I’m her child. Remember me. Please. (7) failure – carrying dead weight
T H I N
With me. I break my back with the Burden. (8) being blinded by anger Or love Or misdirection. (10) what people think – and what I think too. (11) growing up. (12) dying… dying too early and dying too late. Fear decays my heart, Leaving nothingNothing but starving scars As it scorches my eyes with its Name. Fear.
G
(13) fear. I don’t want to fear myself, What I might become in the distance, But I do.
S
I can’t help but fear.
LAURA BARNES
ww
STUTTER STUTTER
AN EXTREME OR IRRATIONAL FEAR OF OR AVERSION TO SOMEHING
SHIVANSHI BHATT
PHOBIAS
SHIVANSHI BHATT
Reactions to, and overcoming phobias
B A C K L A S H
Phobias, what are they? Phobias, or irra- emotional and behavioural responses. tional fears, are a type of anxiety disorder The cerebral cortex controls reasoning and in which someone undergoes a persistent judgement and is located on the outmost fear of specific topics or circumstances. brain layer. When both of these compoPhobia originates from a Greek word; nents are at it makes thinking clearly and phóbos, meaning “morbid fear”. The sys- decision making hard. These are the initial tem used for naming phobias usually uses responses of the brain when faced with fear. a prefix from a Greek word for the cause of the fear and then adding the suffix, phobia. How do phobias affect daily life? Phobias Scientifically, what happens in the body can affect someone’s mental health, physical when a phobia occurs? Rate of breath health and social health. In terms of mental increases, heart rate along with it. Gethealth, they might feel isolated and alone, ting ready to react, the central blood veswith no one to talk to and relate with, making sels surrounding vital organs dilate to fill it hard to be feeling validated. When a perthem up with oxygen and nutrients, and son feels invalidated tend to feel unmotivatmuscles are actively pumping with blood. ed, unhappy and like they have no purpose. When someone faces a phobia only 2 This could cause them to start binge eating, main parts of your brain are affected: numbing away their feelings, or make them the amygdala and cerebral cortex. The not eat because they feel as if they’re overamygdala is located between the tempo- weight. When someone feels alone, they ral lobes of the brain, it controls the brains feel isolated, unwanted and feel the need to
cut off any ties with friends and family. ing a near to death experience with deep waters. An outcome of this is PTSD and anxiety, scarring them. Learned beHow would someone who suffers from haviour an also be the source, from cousone react with a severe phobia at hand? ins, close friends and even their siblings. It differs for individuals, depending on Learned behaviour is most commonly the events and occasion. If the phobia seen in young children when they are reis minor, the effects may be slight. These warded and punished for certain deeds. reactions may be a subtle disturbance, Society and social media have also taught sweating, numbness or a dry mouth. Mi- us to fear certain things. Society has made nor phobias include, but are not limited irrational fears for everyone, for example, to, fear of animals, natural environmen- the fear of sharks, unlikely someone will tal occurrences, injury phobias and oth- meet a shark, so having a fear of them ers. Fear of animals may include snakes, is pointless. More severe cases, such as spiders, rodents, dogs or cats (Cynopho- agoraphobia, can be caused by multiple bia, Ophidiophobia, Arachnophobia). panic attacks when exposed to the trigThe fear of natural happenings such as ger. Due to this, the fear of another atheights, water banks, storms and natural tack overwhelms those who suffer from it. disasters are mutual fears and nothing to Trauma can be caused by these multiple be ashamed to admit. The fear of injuries scares in public when they’re exposed. (Trypanophobia) arises when someone is afraid of blood, yes illness or needles, injury fears can also be crucial, leading What is PTSD? PTSD, or post-traume to my next point. What are critical matic stress disorder, symptoms of phobias, their symptoms, and responses? post-traumatic stress disorder include One of the most severe phobias contains flashbacks, nightmares, feeling very agoraphobia and social anxiety. Symp- anxious and difficulty sleeping. Anytoms can include the inability to function thing that one classifies as traumatic can in a feared environment when exposed to cause PTSD. Causes can be failed childthe trigger or the inability to control feel- birth, a car crash, injury and even death. ings when exposed. How would someone react? Common reactions include, but are not limited to, fidgeting, scratching What can someone do to overcome a fear? (skin), nail-biting. More severe exactions Almost all fears and phobias can be treatinclude abnormal breathing, hastened ed and cured. Common treatments are heartbeat, quivering, trembling, flushed exposure therapy or exposure hierarchy. sensations, dry throat, chest pains or dis- In an exposure hierarchy, a person will orientation. All of these reactions may expose themselves to their triggers or fear, lead to a bigger one, a panic attack. Pan- but in moderate amounts, meaning they ic attacks occur instantly, without warn- can work their way higher up using a hiering, often unanticipated and abrupt. archy system and, eventually, start to overcome their fears and get over their phobia. How do phobias develop? The cause of phobia can often be from past trauma, for example, thalassophobia from which they or a close person drowning or hav-
ANSHIKA SAHU
NYCTOPHOBIA
I FEAR THAT WHICH I CANNOT SEE
SHIVANSHI BHATT
MY THOUGHTS ARE WHAT MAKE ME, ME “To me, fear is the powerful emotion and is often the barrier which stops me being who I want, as it restricts me and attempts to keep my within my comfort zone”
““To me, fear is a state-of-being in which all thoughts are blocked by a lingering danger when my mind only reaches for the worstcase scenario”
“Fear is both innate and pure – an expression of the path of evolution and self-preservation, and a learned and conditioned response from my experiences and the social landscape associated with living
“I fear being a disappointment to people. I feel like I always need to do my best and when I don’t, it’s a real blow. I guess I also fear I’ll lose the respect of my family if I don’t succeed in things”
“Of all the hurt that fear is associated with, I am relieved that it is exists as a world without fear would
“I usually experience fear late
be a more painful one. Fear
at night, after hanging out with
reminds me of humility and
friends and I’m walking home.
in some ways, keeps us all
The fear usually sets in when I
alive”
see a group of people or even individuals and I have to walk past them, it makes me uncomfortable”
SHIVANSHI BHATT
FIGHT OR FLIGHT ? THERE IS NO SCIENTIFIC STUDY MORE VITAL TO MAN THAN THE STUDY OF HIS BRAIN. OUR ENTIRE VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE DEPENDS ON IT
- FRANCIS CRICK -
THE NEUROSCIENCE OF FEAR
SOCIAL ANXIETY A CASE IN COVID From facing a large group of strangers to the smallest glimpses of eye contact, the fear of social situations can hugely hinder someone’s connections with people consistently throughout their life. As described by the NHS, “Social anxiety is more than shyness. It›s a fear that does not go away and affects everyday activities, self-confidence, relationships and work or school life”. Potential memories and interactions are greatly prevented as a result of this syndrome. Muscle tensions, Rapid heartbeats, Dizziness, Light-headedness and Lack of breath all indicate to this restrictive mental health condition. Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the United States, affecting 40 million adults, according to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America. One case in the news that was partially poignant to us was about a young 5 year old girl called Elsi Edwards who has a sever anxiety disorder called ‘selective mutism’. She adores talking to her family and friends, but when it comes to new people she cannot communicate. At school she is unable to read to her teachers or even ask to go to the toilet. Shockingly this anxiety disorder is something that impedes on 1 in 140 girls across the UK, and is very commonly mistaken for shyness. As lockdown eases, many people are struggling to adapt mentally to this unnerving change. Cautions concerning safety and protecting others’ health can cause huge amounts of stress on individuals as Corona Virus restrictions are gradually lifted. Alongside the questions with safety, those with social anxiety may be struggling with the renewed exposure to social interactions. This mindset is commonly referred to as ‘Quarantine-Induced Social Anxiety’. Talkspace. com is a great resource which directly combats this issue using their 5-step process: 1. Ease Out Slowly 2. Keep your boundaries in check 3. Talk about it 4. Remember the normality of your feeling 5. Seek Professional Help if struggling. To grasp personal experiences of the social anxieties possibly caused by lockdown, we sent out a form that compared feeling about the first, second and third lockdowns. As you can see for the graphs, people (especially teenagers) are increasingly struggling with the restrictions.
RUBY RILEY & GRACE PECKMORE
On a scale of 1 (severly struggling) to 6 (great), How was your mental health...
... Pre-lockdown ?
... during lockdown 1 ?
... during lockdown 2 ?
... during lockdown 3 ?
NIGHTMARES WHAT LURKS IN THE DARKNESS INSIDE? Sleeping is as essential to humans as food or water, giving the body a time to rest and repair with research demonstrating this state being necessary for the vital functions of the modulation of immune responses, cognition, performance, processing memories, the list goes on. From this perspective sleep appears a blessing, both a time for the body to rejuvenate and a time to take a break from the chaos of everyday life. During the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) period of the sleep cycle, a succession of images, ideas, thoughts, and emotions involuntarily occur, or more simply we dream. Though the purpose and content of dreams is not scientifically understood, Freud theorised that dreams reveal one’s repressed wishes; sleep possibly offers one a chance to learn and discover parts of themselves. Yet there’s a possibility for these images and emotions to reveal hidden anxieties, supressed negative thoughts, and the bitterest emotions, hence sleep, in all its glory, makes humans vulnerable to the unbearable thoughts concealed within the unconscious mind. With society’s general accepted definition of a nightmare revolving around the perception of a twisted version of a dream, it becomes a daunting prospect to realise that if a dream supposedly projects one’s personal, ideal feelings and thoughts within the unconscious mind , nightmares are a culmination of the thoughts the mind has deemed unpleasant. It is important to understand that there is a significant difference, however, between a bad dream and nightmare; both are disturbing for the individual, yet nightmares wake the individual. Humans typically enter the REM phase around ninety minutes after falling asleep, with physical features including the eyes moving rapidly from side to side behind closed eyelids, a low muscle tone and more importantly regarding the context of nightmares, mixed frequency brain wave activity becomes closer to that seen when awake, unlike the slowed brain wave activity seen in non-REM sleep. Within
this deeper period of sleep, intensive dreaming is most common and so are nightmares. Arm and leg muscles are temporarily paralysed in order to prevent the acting out of dreams, thus no physical harm results from nightmares yet the severity of them in terms of the psychological trauma being the cause is both upsetting and overlooked by the general public. For most people, it seems unnecessary for nightmares to persist as an important concern as we grow older given the fact the NHS states that nightmares are most common in children aged three to six and most children grow out of them. As one ages, the period of sleep spent in REM decreases and so the probability of nightmares decreasing is not surprising. Therefore, adults who suffer from nightmares do so due to psychological factors; nightmares can be induced by ,according to the NHS, stress, trauma or pre-existing mental health conditions and can also occur after taking medication such as antidepressants. The popularity of the horror and gothic genres in films, novels etc has perpetuated nightmares to be a motif, with the relatively large difference between a bad dream and nightmare being blurred in order for advertisement and appeal. Certain films are created with the intention of being so scary they give one nightmares and keep people up at night however in this generalised and incorrect understanding of nightmares, society desensitises the severity and importance of why as an adult, nightmares can occur. Nightmares can become regular and affect sleep and therefore day-today life, in cases to the point of needing psychological treatment in the form of counselling if they are a result of trauma. Instead of being understood as a psychological, and in certain circumstances mental health issue that can deeply affect people’s everyday lives, the notion of what a nightmare really is in society has been disregarded.
ANYA DAYAL
GRACE KING-TURNER
NECESSITY: A REFLECTION ON FEARS IN THE FUTURE AND EDUCATION
The phrase ‘Overcome Your Fear’ is heavily used as a motivator, slogan and ideal in order to project self confidence- a perfectly acceptable standard; taking risks and pushing oneself is the first step of selfgrowth and provides the chance to develop and change.
These fears may be irrational (commonly referred to as phobias), as a result of stimuli (flight or flight response), or show as a heightened form of anxiety. In particular parts of society, fear is somewhat synonymous with weakness; presented as a quality of the victim rather than that of the success story. In some ways this is a logical conclusion; people who don’t hold on to fear will find it easier to ‘throw themselves in the deep end’ and will have more access to opportunities. Opportunities may then lead to accomplishments, then in turn to a person’s own version of success.
Fear is an integrated part of daily life, whether we face it or not, it always lingers on in the shadows. Facing these fears may lead one down an unexpected road of success and self-improvement, nevertheless they are uncomfortable and would much rather live in the back of the mind, unexplored until absolutely necessary. This is a model of the default ‘set-up’ of the fear integrated brain: fear is both invaluable and vexing however are both integral parts to the human life. Atychiphobia is the persistent fear of failing, a relatable point of view. So much of our lives focus on success, and we train for it since childhood: exams, interviews, more exams. It seems as though our society is centred around this notion of performance results as the only judge of character and competence. It is so integrated that children are scared to make mistakes and view school as simply a training-ground to churn out good grades to have them printed on one line of a CV, that must be filled with 50 other academic achievements otherwise ‘you haven’t done enough’. But why do we place such massive pressures and on the younger generations, and why has academic achievement been so tightly linked to success rather than experience?An education is meant to be a time of the growth of knowledge, a time to explore passions and have latenight discussions. Instead there seems to be an illogical focus on memorisation and ‘exam-technique’. This focus can paint an extremely false image of what certain subjects are all about, and even goes so far to discourage students from fully appreciating the beauty of certain areas.
A great example of this is the current Mathematics curriculum. There are countless adults with only bad and confusing experience about their mathematics education, something which I sympathise with;
GRACE KING-TURNER
exactly how does learning all those seemingly random rules ever have use in the every day interaction? Of course the story is different for those perusing mathematical careers in research, engineering etc, but if this is the only group of people to whom all those formulas were of any use, then why is Mathematics a compulsory subject up to such a high level? It is true that a certain knowledge of the basics is useful, but topics such as trigonometric identities and calculus seem too niche for most careers. One point which is excellently illustrated in A Mathematician’s Lament, by Paul Lockhart is that we teach Maths the wrong way; we go
about explaining it as a tool for the sciences, a language that we must learn in order to accomplish research. However this is only a quarter of the whole story. Mathematics is so much more than that- it is an inherently creative subject, a creation of the mind that we have perfected over the years. It if formed on the basis of assumptions and is a very human subject. So why do most educational systems still force the study of Mathematics, and why do they go about it in such a way that makes children afraid of it? It is portrayed as an inherently hard subject, however it poses no more or less challenges than others. The reputation of certain subjects have created a deep rooted fear in the minds of the population, and will unfortunately take years to undo. I am afraid of many things: I am afraid of disappointing the people I love, afraid of failing in life and not being that best version of me that I dream. Most of all I am afraid of the future. However I have come to understand and accept that that fear, and realise that in the end, fear is a necessity.
SHIVANSHI BHATT
SHE’S GOT THE EYES OF INNOCENCE; THE FACE OF AN ANGEL. A PERSONALITY OF A DREAMER AND A SMILE THAT HIDES MORE PAIN THAN YOU CAN EVER IMAGINE
LAURA WILEY LAURA WILLEY
THE APPEAL OF FEAR-LINE
ISABEL BRAND
ADRENALINE THERE ARE THINGS YOU REMEMBER
AND THERE ARE THINGS YOU CAN”T FORGET.
THE APPEAL OF FEAR
MORBID CURIOSITY Serial killers dominate our pop culture; from thrillers to slashers, something about the gruesome and uncaring brutality of their crimes both fascinates and disgusts watchers. Here we discuss the true crimes that inspired some of cinema’s most beloved antagonists.
but also the head of Mary Hogan who had gone missing in 1954. The two victims were supposed to have resembled Ed’s mother, who Gein held an adoration for despite the emotional and verbal abuse he endured from her in his childhood. Later investigation of the killer’s house revealed how, after her death in 1945, Ed cornered The butcher of Plainfield – Ed Gein off areas she had frequented – preserving them as a sort of shrine. Ed Gein is a prominent and terrifying figure in history; known for his disturbed and sickening creative pursuits, Gein has inspired a grand total of three well-known horror movies: Psycho (1960), The Chainsaw Massacre (1974) and The Silence of the Lambs (1991). This man’s hobbies were chillingly gruesome and of course that makes for an excellent unsympathetic movie antagonist. It is no surprise that Gein inspired so many horror writers – his ideas could only be thought up in the mind of the disturbed.
This terrifying scene was coupled with evidence that Gein had been grave robbing; distributed around the property were products of Gein’s hobbies, which were of a more gruesome nature than anything police had ever expected from the recluse. Bowls carved from human skulls, chairs meticulously crafted from human bones, and lampshades and clothes stitched out of human skin littered the property; The remains of ten other women were also found in Gein’s home, but he was ultimately only tried for the two women originally found.
Ed was first brought to the attention of the public at the death of his brother. The two men had reportedly been separated when attempting to control a forest fire on the Gein property and Ed had called for police help when his brother had disappeared. However, when police arrived, Ed seemed to have no trouble leading them to his brother’s body. The death was ruled as an accident, despite the strange bruising found on the victim’s head.
Of course, upon the bodies and morbid crafts being found, police arrested Gein. Later, when on trial, he plead not guilty on reasons for insanity to the two murders. In 1957 he was deemed unfit for trial and confined to psychiatric accommodation where he died in 1984. A year after his death, Gein’s ‘House of Horrors’ was destroyed by a fire of unknown origin, a final end to the fear and pain that the house had represented.
Suspicion, however, first fully focused on Ed when a woman named Bernice Worden went missing, last seen in Gein’s company, in 1957. When officials went to investigate his property, they found not only Bernice’s decapitated, gutted corpse hanging from the ceiling,
Killer Clown – John Wayne Gacy
SERIAL KILLER PROFILES
Gacy was responsible for the rape, torture and murder of, at a minimum, 33 young boys. Despite being theorised to be the inspiration for Stephen King’s ‘IT’, Gacy’s serial killer tendencies didn’t actually involve dressing as a clown; His alias came about due to him being a member of the Chicago area ‘Jolly Joker’ Clown club, playing the character “Pogo the Clown”, often hosting parties for the neighbourhood, eager to entertain the children attending. Born in 1942, Gacy grew up in an abusive and homophobic household, and as he grew older he experienced great turmoil over his sexuality - finding he was sexually attracted to men. It is possible that this extremely abusive upbringing helped to shape the way in which Gacy’s crimes manifested. In the 1960’s Gacy demonstrated growing signs of sadism and had multiple run-ins with police and was eventually arrested, charged with ten years jail time and imprisoned for 18 months due to the conviction of sodomizing two young boys. After his release, Gacy was divorced by his then-wife and moved to Chicago. Once there, he established a strong reputation for himself, owning a successful construction company as well as playing his clown alter-ego at charity events and neighbourhood parties, much to the delight of those attending. Friends, neighbours and police all considered Gacy to be of indisputable reputation which ultimately lead to a large amount of suspicious behaviour and activities surrounding Gacy to be ignored.
Perhaps one of the most disturb- In 1975 a young boy went missing ing cases is John Wayne Gacy, also from Gacy’s construction company. recognised as the ‘Killer Clown’. Gacy had lured the boy to his home
with the promise of work for extra brutality was the inspiration becash, before sexually and physically hind the crazed outback killer Mick abusing him, then burying his body Taylor, of the Wolfcreek franchise. in a crawl space beneath his stairs. In childhood, Ivan was known A year later in 1976, Gacy di- as a violent teen with a passion vorced a second time and was at for hunting, being one of 14 chilthe height of his crimes. A boy dren meant he went about his life went to police to report being kid- practically unchecked and there napped and molested by Gacy were numerous police visits to the in 1977 but police failed to fol- family house. As Milat grew oldlow up on the claims, only allow- er, his crimes grew more serious. ing Gacy to continue for longer. What was most chilling about MiEventually, Gacy was caught out. lat’s crimes was that they weren’t In 1978, a young boy went miss- connected to the killer himself uning, his mother reported to the til after multiple bodies were found. police that he had told her he While backpackers were going was heading out to talk to Gacy missing, the police weren’t able to about a potential construction job. determine what had happened to Ten days later, law enforcement them, that is, until May 1992 When searched Gacy’s home. Evidence the first two bodies were found. for his numerous crimes was uncovered, including clothing, jewel- The first victims were British backlery and, later on, shallow trenches packers Caroline Clarke and Join the garden that had been dug anne Walters. The two girls’ deto bury the extensive number of composing bodies were found by bodies belonging to his victims. runners. Walters had been stabbed repeatedly, with one wound to her Upon being arrested, Gacy con- back paralysing her while Milat fessed to and described the ag- continued his attack. There was onising and disturbing murders also evidence that Milat had sexuin extreme detail to police. Lat- ally assaulted the girl as her jeans er however, Gacy attempted to appeared hastily put back on but, backtrack and proclaimed he by the time police found the body, was innocent, fervently deny- it was too decomposed to actuing his guilt up until the end. ally identify whether the girl had been sexually violated as well as In the space of three years, Gacy kid- murdered. Her friend Clarke was napped, tortured, sexually abused found 100 feet away, with severand murdered over 30 young boys. al bullet wounds to the head as When put on trial, he attempted well as paralysing stab wounds – it to plead not guilty on reasons for was theorised Milat had used her insanity but failed, and he was sen- as target practice for his shooting. tenced to 21 natural life sentences and 12 death sentences. Gacy was Two years later, another pair of killed in 1994 by lethal injection, bodies were found. Post-Mortems an end to a life that was spent in- revealed similar paralysing knife flicting trauma and pain on others. wounds that the previous victims had sustained and this brutal injury became Milat’s modus operandi. The Backpack Killer – Ivan Milat It was after the second pair of victims were discovered that a full, indepth investigation was launched Milat, known as Australia’s ‘Back- and a month later another victim pack Killer’ has been convicted of was found. Simone Schmidt who seven murders and thought to be had been missing since January responsible for many more; Milat’s 1991, and found with the same stab
wounds as the other victims and similar forensic evidence such as .22 bullet shells close to the corpse. Three days after, a third and final pair of bodies were found. Partners Anja Habschied and Gabor Neugebauer were found dead having been missing since Christmas 1991. The man appeared stabbed as well as strangled and the woman’s body was completely missing its skull, theorised to have been hacked off by a machete. The connections between the style of killing lead the police to conclude a worrying thought, they were following the trail of a serial killer. Following the news of the bodies, various reports had lead to suspicions on Ivan, however there was no concrete evidence to link him to the crimes, that is until the only one of Milat’s victims to escape contacted the authorities in 1994 after the news of the killer was reported internationally. Paul Onions had been hitchhiking and was picked up by Milat six years before the bodies were found. However, he had started to grow wary of the man when he began asking invasive questions about who was aware of Onions’ whereabouts and destination. When Milat pulled the car to the side of the road and pointed a gun at the British backpacker, Onions had leapt out of the car and flagged down another which took him to the nearest police station to file a report, which had had little effect at the time. Onions was flown out to Australia where he identified Milat as the attacker. Police, now armed with a warrant, searched Ivan Milat’s house where they found numerous belongings of the victims in Ivan’s home, and more in the homes of his relatives. Ivan was arrested and taken to the police station, where he denied everything. Milat was charged with seven counts of murder plus the attack on Onions in 1996, all of which he plead not guilty to. Milat
was, however, found guilty on all charges and sentenced to seven life sentences plus six years for his attack on Onions. Despite his sentencing, Milat maintained his claims of innocence up until his death in October 2019. The BTK killer – Dennis Rader
he wouldn’t harm the brother and sister. He tied and gagged the two in separate rooms before shooting the brother twice in the head. The man then attempted to strangle the sister, Kathryn, but she struggled and, in Rader’s anger at her resistance, was stabbed in the stomach eleven times. It took her five hours to bleed out, but her brother Kevin somehow survived. Rader then sent his first letter to the papers – under his self-proclaimed title of the BTK killer. In his writing, Rader’s serial killer alter ego took responsibility for the murders while simultaneously blaming them on a ‘monster’ in his mind. In true showmanship, Dennis signed the letters “yours truly guiltily…. Bind them. Torture them. Kill them. B.T.K”, before hiding the letter in a book in the library and phoning a local media outlet to inform them of the letter’s existence, in a desperate bid for fame and recognition of his acts.
Dennis Rader, also known as the BTK killer (a chilling initialism of Bind, Torture, Kill) was a disturbed individual responsible for numerous murders of women within the Witicha, Kansas area. While he did attack two men, these were anomalies in his modus operandi, which was the strangling and sexual assault of women he stalked and labelled his “projects”. The BTK Killer’s crimes have inspired Stephen King’s novella ‘A Good Marriage’ and the character ADT Man in Netflix’s crime drama ‘Mindhunter’. A year later in 1977, Rader impulsively followed a young boy home after finding his intended mark was Rader planned the death of his victims with ex- away. Entering the boy’s home, he drew his gun on treme detail, researching them at the local li- the mother, Shirley Vian. Dennis convinced Shirley brary and watching them at their places of work. he was a perverted rapist who would let her go once Rader’s planning was so specific that he was able he had got what he wanted. Shirley vomited in terror to kill victims at their homes in broad daylight. multiple times but complied with Dennis’ demands. After helping him to tie the children up and move As a child, Rader had appeared sane and hapthem to the bathroom with toys and a blanket, Rader py, a terrifyingly convincing mask for a young bound Shirley’s wrists and then strangled her to death. boy who had a penchant for torturing and hangRader had intended to then kill the children but the ing stray animals. This façade would continue well phone rang, spooking him, and Dennis fled the house. into his adulthood, until his eventual downfall. Nine months following the death of Shirley, Rader Rader’s first meticulously organised killing ‘spree’ separated from his usual method of attack, breakbegan in January 1974. The man severed the phone ing into the house through a window in the dead of lines of the house he had targeted, and waited outnight. The target was Nancy Fox, a woman Rader side the back door, knowing the exact time it would had been stalking and studying for months on end. be unlocked. Upon hearing the click of the door He repeated the story he had given Shirley, and Nanmechanism, Rader entered and drew his gun on Mr cy fearfully complied. Dennis strangled Nancy with and Mrs Ontero and their two children, claiming a stocking, before sexually assaulting the body and he wouldn’t hurt them if they did as he said. Radleaving the scene with a memento of Nancy’s driving er bound and gagged the two adults, who he then licence. In true BTK fashion, Rader phoned the postrangled. Dennis then took the young Joseph Onlice to gloat over his perverted acts from a phone box. tero to his room and covered his head in a hood, sitting and watching as the boy suffocated slowly. Between the brutal killing of Nancy Fox and Dennis Rader’s next victims, Rader continued his boastRader turned his attention to the young, 11 year-old ing to media outlets, mentioning other infamous daughter of the family. He took her to the basement killers like the Zodiac Killer and Jack the Ripper. and hung her from a pipe in the ceiling, before sexually assaulting the dead girl’s body. After Rader finished his Later in years 1985-1991, Rader killed thrice more, disgusting tirade, he moved room to room and cleaned marking the end of his long streak of violence. away any evidence of his presence. Before he left the house, however, he took the watch off the father’s life- In the end, it was Rader’s insistence that he be known less wrist as a trophy, a final insult to the family he had and feared for his attacks that came to his downfall. torn apart in one morning. The elder and final child of Somehow, Dennis believed the chief of police to be on the Ontero family – Charlie – came home after school his side, and was shocked when a floppy disk he had that afternoon to find his parents and siblings silent. sent to communicate with the police force was used to trace his location, even asking the Chief why he had Rader was far from done, May that year, Rader en- arrested him. In February of 2005, Rader confessed tered the house of the Bright siblings unseen. Upon to every crime, recounting them without emotion. He their return home, Rader had a gun trained on them was described as ‘infatuated’ with himself, apparentand a ski mask on his head. He claimed to be a fugi- ly believing the police to be his friends – an insight tive in need of money and food – in return for which into the crazed and disjointed world within his mind.
RUBY WEBSTER
Dennis currently resides in the El Dorado Correctional Facility, having been charged with 10 consecutive life sentences for his crimes. Our fascination with the perverse and terrifying is truly highlighted when reading the stories of these killers. Despite their horrific crimes we appear to celebrate them with their inclusion in pop culture. Perhaps our interest in the horror stems from a deep divide in cognition, we like to hear about the morbid because we could never do something as perverse as the tales. But, maybe, we continue to review and revisit these stories to remind ourselves that we could do something like that; perhaps the only difference between the person reading this and any one of these killers is the pure luck of having a positive childhood environment and good psychological wellbeing.
MADDIE CRITCHLOW
HORROR FILMS THALIA SHADBOLT & OLIVIA CARSON
Horror films. Loved by some, loathed by others. From Alfred Hitchcock’s classic, Psycho to Ari Aster’s horrific masterpiece Hereditary, how have horror films evolved to keep us on the edge of our seats? What may have had audiences screeching at their screens in the past, might not always have the same effect today… Between 1900 and 1920, the new genre of horror films started to be created, with most filmmakers turning to literary classics as a source of inspiration. This led to the creation of one of the first horror films ever made: Frankenstein. Released in 1910 and lasting only 16 minutes, it wasn’t even really intended to scare the audience, with writers more concerned with portraying the psychological elements of Shelley’s spooky novel, mostly due to a fear of repulsing the viewers. The 1920s and 30s saw more classics being produced, yet these were still relatively tame in comparison to the horrifying images depicted on today’s screens. The film Freaks (1932) was one of the first films to really shock its audience, portraying a circus troupe of misfits, most of whom had a form of physical or mental disability. Some argue that the society of the early thirties just weren’t ready for such graphic content, and to some extent it’s true, the production company were forced to make extensive cuts to film, with the original cut virtually nowhere to be found. Shockingly, when the initial, uncut showing entered theatres, reports at the time claimed it had viewers fleeing from the cinema. One woman even called the production company, claiming that seeing the actors caused her to have a miscarriage! The arrival of WW11 meant the horror genre was arguably cheapened by spinoffs and sequels, however, with such atrocities and real-life horror happening, people didn’t need film to be scared. By the 1950s, people returned to the cinema, significantly less stressed and ready to see some gore, which filmmakers eagerly provided with films such as ‘The Thing from Another World’ (1951), ‘Them!’ (1954) and ‘The Blob’ (1958), all of
which included the narrative of over-worldly murderous monsters, ruthlessly killing their victims. In the 60s, the British studio Hammer established the concept of ‘splatter horror’, kicking off the decade, with one of the most famous horror films ever released: Pyscho! Debuting in 1960, it gave director Alfred Hitchcock one of the biggest hits of his life, though it begs the question- why was it so ground-breaking? Firstly, it introduced an entirely new narrative to the genre by unexpectedly killing the main heroine-contradicting the expectation that the protagonist would be protected or at least meet a more noble death at the end of the film. The infamous 45 second shower murder scene, that took 70 shots to perfect, included brutal violence that the audience had never seen before! Hitchcock, through about 90 cuts in 45 seconds, was miraculously able to create the illusion of murderous violence despite the knife never actually touching the victim’s skin. The scene’s inclusion of screeching of violins also helped to put viewers on edge, creating an even more frightening atmosphere! In fact, during pre-release showings, the scene was shown without the shrieking violins and was subsequently met with indifference, creating little terror in the audience; so, against the advice of others, Hitchcock added the violins to the final cut. Little did he know it would influence the power of music to evoke feeling within horror forever. The film was also in black and white-unusual for that era, and whilst it was partly due to cut costs and simply to get the film past the censorship and criteria that horror had to meet in the early 60s, it did allow for the use of chocolate syrup to be used as blood! Between the 70s and 80s, occult became the fan-favourite, particularly when it came to kids and houses becoming possessed by the Devil, most notably featured in the 1973 horror, The Exorcist, which was the first horror film to be nominated for a Best Picture Oscar and made all the more terrifying by the fact it was ‘based on a true story’. Supernatural hor-
ISABEL BRAND ror also made a return, with literature once again the source material, with the emergence of Stephen King and his literary trove of horrors. Pig’s blood splattered screens with Carrie (1976), followed by Stanley Kubrick’s somewhat controversial, The Shining (1980). With these hallmarks of horror firmly established, it paved the way for one of the most common horror tropes-the slasher format. The 80s horror film scene gave way to cult classics like Halloween, Friday the 13th and A Nightmare on Elm Street, which became so successful they catalysed their own long-running franchises (the first time in the history of the genre that multiple sequels became the norm). However, in the wake of this plethora of formulaic slasher movies and their sequels, the genre began to lag. Fortunately, advances in special effects provided film makers with a wider scope of tricks to have in their scaring arsenal: over the 90s and early 2000s, CGI made strides, making gory effects all the more accessible in notable franchises like Saw and Final Destination. It was the zombie subgenre however that brought the horror genre back to life,
with the undead staggering across our screens in films such as 28 Days (2002), Dawn of the Dead (2004), I Am Legend (2007) and Zombieland (2009). Today, the state of the horror industry is up for debate, with many arguing that the genre’s lost its mojo, seemingly relying on churning out remakes, reboots and endless sequels. Although, the subgenre of ‘torture porn’ seems to be making a comeback with full force-in the wake of the 2000s Saw and Hostel franchises, satisfying audiences’ insatiable appetite for gore. However, Ari Aster’s hugely successful first feature-length film, Hereditary, dubbed ‘the scariest film of the year’ in 2019, and his prompt follow up, Midsommar, was received with critical-acclaim, leaving viewers ‘unable to sleep for a week’. In the future, there is no doubt that, with new emerging technologies and production equipment, horror films will find more ways to give us the shivers- it won’t be long before we’re jumping out of our skin at the newest flick!
... CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ...
Today fear is all around me. It is all I have known this past year. The pandemic has changed this world in ways that none could imagine; businesses have been forced to shut, people have lost loved ones, and what started out to be a year like any other was forever scarred with terrible memories of pain and confusion . For many of us the regular and unmovable events of examinations, which seemed a fixed moment in time that we spend our lives working towards had all but disintegrated, and the expected relief after the last exam never seem to come. The normal now is so far removed from the regular day that I am beginning to forget this so-called normal life. Fear you could say had been the most widely felt emotion, from the fear of the physical effects of the virus, from the fear of separation and loneliness; all these have highlighted the fragility of society, and has shown us the events that unfold when the world is shut down from its usual chatter. A unified agreement because of fear has kept us inside and safe, however instability and dramatic change has had a great impact on society, from changing social landscapes, to the ever growing political fear and power-play that rules our world. But fear has also instilled the time for great changes, which arguably should have been stimulated years ago, but now that we have all had time to think and reflect, we should expect a shift towards a better future, past the pain and injustice. Change is coming, and maybe fear brought that on, but for now all I can do is accept it for what it is, and actively use my fear to make a difference.
SHIVANSHI BHATT
most people are paralysed by fear...
...overcome it...
...and you take charge of your life
...and your world.
WOMEN’S AID UK UNTIL WOMEN AND CHILDREN ARE SAFE
As a community and team of girls working together to create this magazine through a year of uncertainty, pressure and lockdowns, we have chosen to give all profits to Women’s Aid UK. Women’s Aid UK is at the forefront of shaping and coordinating response to domestic absuse, an issue which has become increasinly prevalent during this pandemic. As a charity they help survivors by providing information, and a voice to talk to. Campaigning is also a large part of their process; their campaigns have made coercive and controlling behavior a criminal offence, and made Relationships and Sex Education a mandatory part of the national curriculum from 2020. These changes are also forged from their research and publications, which publish data on key issues to ensure that we are leading the way in evidence and data on domestic absue. Finally they provide education to help others understand the major social issues which have devistating impact, seen in their Blind Eye awareness-raising campaign, which aims to challenge the culture that allows domestic abuse to thrive.
THE
LEADERS - Shivanshi Bhatt - Anya Dayal- Hannah Massey -
TEAM
ART & PHOTOGRAPHY - Shivanshi Bhatt - Isabel Brand - Grace King-Turner - Grace Peckmore - Pirasha Ramesh - Ruby Webster - Laura Willey -
WRITING EDITING - Shivanshi Bhatt - Anya Dayal- Hannah Massey -
- Laura Barnes - Shivanshi Bhatt - Olivia Carson - Madeleine Critchlow - Anya Dayal - Elisabeth Edwards - Hannah Massey - Anoushka Mundey - Grace Peckmore - Ruby Riley - Thalia Shadbolt - Gigi Thomas-
PRODUCTION - Emma Barnes - Shivanshi Bhatt - Rebecca Callender - Anya Dayal - Cassie Goulbourne - Ailie Macdonald - Hannah Massey - Anna Turner
ABANDONED PLACES
SHIVANSHI BHATT
COVER PAGE BY GRACE PECKMORE & PIRASHA RAMESH