Asia in Focus: Corporate Accountability and Climate Change

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Asia in Focus:

CORPORATE
ACCOUNTABILITY AND

CLIMATE CHANGE

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1 Economist Impact. 2022. “Clean Air and the Business and Human Rights Agenda.” Asia in Focus.
https://bhr.cleanairinasia.org/.

2 Economist Intelligence Unit. 2022. “Asia's energy transition: a tough balancing act”
https://www.eiu.com/n/asias-energy-transition-a-tough-balancing-act/

3Estrada, Botzen. 2019. “Working on a warmer planet: The impact of heat stress on labour productivity and decent work.” ILO.
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_711919.pdf.

4 https://hadleyserver.metoffice.gov.uk/wmolc/WMO_GADCU_2022-2026.pdf

5 Tartes, T., 2022, “UN General Assembly declares access to a clean and healthy environment a universal human right.” UN News, 28 July 2022.
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6 “UN General Assembly adopts landmark resolution on right to a healthy environment,” Clifford Chance blog, 2 August 2022,
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7 UNFCCC, 2022, “Draft text on COP27 overarching decision”,
https://bit.ly/3tHcXDc

8 “How Asia is crucial in the battle against climate change.” The Economist, 27 October 2021,.
https://www.economist.com/special-report/2021/10/27/how-asia-is-crucial-in-the-battle-against-climate-change. Accessed 15 November 2022.

9 IPCC,. 2022. “Fact sheet - Asia”.
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10 IPCC, 2022 “Fact Sheet - Asia”.
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_Asia.pdf.

11 Ritchie, H, Roser, M & Rosado, P., 2020, “Per capita CO2 emissions”, Our World in Data
https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions

12 Ritchie, H, Roser, M. & Rosado, P., 2021 “Annual CO2 emissions”, Our World in Data
https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions

13 Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. 2021 “Per capita CO2 emissions.” Our World in Data.
https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions

14 Global Energy Monitor, 2022, “Global Coal Plant Tracker”.

15 Global Energy Monitor. “New Coal-fired Power Capacity by Country (MW).” Global Coal Plant Tracker.
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1j35F0WrRJ9dbIJhtRkm8fvPw0Vsf-JV6G95u7gT-DDw/edit#gid=647531100.

16 Global Energy Monitor, 2022, “Global Coal Plant Tracker”.

17 Economist Intelligence Unit. 2022. “Asia's energy transition: a tough balancing act”
https://www.eiu.com/n/asias-energy-transition-a-tough-balancing-act/

18 Ravikumar, S. & Das, K. N., 2020. “Pollution deaths in India rose to 1.67 million in 2019 -Lancet” Reuters,
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-pollution-idUSKBN28W158.

19 “Air pollution in China”, accessed 24 January 2023,
https://www.who.int/china/health-topics/air-pollution

20 Tuholske, C et al. 2021, “Global urban population exposure to extreme heat”
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024792118

21 Costley, D & Forster, N., 2021, “AP Analysis: Exposure to extreme heat has tripled since 1983”, AP Projects,
https://projects.apnews.com/features/2021/global-extreme-heat/index.html. Accessed 12 November 2022.

22 IFRC, 2022, “Extreme heat: Preparing for the heat waves of the future”,
https://www.ifrc.org/document/extreme-heat-preparing-heat-waves-future

23 United Nations. n.d. “— SDG Indicators.” — SDG Indicators. Accessed April 21, 2023.
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/goal-11/

24 McKinsey, 2020, “Climate change risk and response in Asia” McKinsey, 24 November 2020,
https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/climate-risk-and-response-in-asia.

25 Estrada, B. N.D., “Working on a warmer planet: The impact of heat stress on labour productivity and decent work”, ILO.
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_711919.pdf.

26 Romanello, M. et al. 2021, “The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future”, The Lancet, 398(10311):1619-1662.
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2821%2901787-6.

27 Estrada, B., 2019, “Working on a warmer planet: The impact of heat stress on labour productivity and decent work”.
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_711919.pdf

28 Nichols, W., 2021, “Asian Cities in Eye of Environmental Storm - Global Ranking”, Maplecroft,
https://www.maplecroft.com/insights/analysis/asian-cities-in-eye-of-environmental-storm-global-ranking/#report_form_container.

29 Greenpeace, 2021, “The Projected Economic Impact of Extreme Sea-Level Rise in Seven Asian Cities in 2030”,
https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-eastasia-stateless/2021/06/966e1865-gpea-asian-cites-sea-level-rise-report-200621-f-3.pdf.

30 Judd, J. & Jackson, L., 2021, “DP 43: Repeat, Repair or Renegotiate? The Post-COVID Future of the Apparel Industry”. Better Work.
https://betterwork.org/portfolio/dp-43-repeat-repair-or-renegotiate-the-post-covid-future-of-the-apparel-industry/

31 See also Setzer, J. & Higham, C., 2022, “Global trends in climate change litigation”, London School of Economics,
https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Global- trends-in-climate-change-litigation-2022-snapshot.pdf.

32 Asian Development Bank, 2020, “Climate Change, Coming Soon to a Court Near You”,
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/659631/climate-litigation-asia-pacific.pdf

33 “Parliament adopts new law to fight global deforestation | News | European Parliament.” 2023. European Parliament.
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20230414IPR80129/parliament-adopts-new-law-to-fight-global-deforestation.

34 Bouro, K., 2022, “Australia: Groundbreaking decision creates pathway for climate justice on Torres Strait Islands.” UN News.
https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1127761.

35 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, 2020, “Renewable Energy & Human Rights Benchmark”
https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/from-us/briefings/renewable-energy-human-rights-benchmark/.

36 Hiebert, M., 2021, "Upstream Dams Threaten the Economy and the Security of the Mekong Region", ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute,
https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2021-34-upstream-dams-threaten-the-economy-and-the-security-of-the-mekong-region-by-murray-hiebert/.

37Vera, S. De., 2022, “Dam projects to swallow sacred grounds of Cordillera’s river people”, Rappler.

38 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, 2021, “The Anatomy of A Solar Land Grab”,
https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/azure-power_mikir-bamuni-grant_ffc_report_compressed.pdf.

39 Rahman, A., 2022, “Bangladesh didn't promise vet zero Emissions by 2050”, The Daily Star.
https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/natural-resources/energy/news/bangladesh-didnt-promise-net-zero-emissions-2050-3062886.

40 Frangoul, A., 2020, “President Xi tells UN that China will be 'carbon neutral' within four decades”, CNBC,
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/23/china-claims-it-will-be-carbon-neutral-by-the-year-2060.html.

41 “China” n.d., Climate Action Tracker, Accessed January 5, 2023,
https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/china/.

42 https://www.efchina.org/Blog-en/blog-20220905-en

43 SEBI. n.d. “Business Responsibility & Sustainability Reporting Format”.
https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/commondocs/may-2021/Business%20responsibility%20and%20sustainability%20reporting%20by%20listed%20entitiesAnnexure1_p.PDF.

44 Allen & Gledhill, 2022, “SGX mandates climate and board diversity disclosures”.
https://www.allenandgledhill.com/sg/perspectives/articles/19997/sgkh-sgx-mandates-climate-and-board-diversity-disclosures

45 “Will India become a green superpower?” The Economist, 20 October 2022.
https://www.economist.com/briefing/2022/10/20/will-india-become-a-green-superpower.

46Ibid.

47 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, 2022, “Human rights defenders under sustained attack in fight to protect our planet, new data reveals”
https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/from-us/media-centre/human-rights-defenders-under-sustained-attack-in-fight-to-protect-our-planet-new-data-reveals/

48 Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders (an FIDH-OMCT partnership), Protection International (PI), and the Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD), 2021, “IN HARM’S WAY Women human rights defenders in Thailand”,
https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/thailand_report_-_in_harm_s_way_-_women_human_rights_defenders_in_thailand.pdf

49 ITUC GRI - Asia-Pacific. 2022. Global Rights Index.
https://www.globalrightsindex.org/en/2022/regions/asia-pacific.

50 IMF, N.D., “Data Home Page”,
https://data.imf.org

51 Economist Intelligence Unit, 2022, “Asia's energy transition: a tough balancing act”,
https://www.eiu.com/n/asias-energy-transition-a-tough-balancing-act/.

52 Tracking SDG 7 | The Energy Progress Report,
https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/, Accessed 15 November 2022.

53 International Energy Agency (IEA), n.d., “SDG7: Data and Projections – Access to clean cooking”,
https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-clean-cooking.

54 Economist Impact, 2022, “Accelerating the energy transition.”
https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/net-zero-and-energy/accelerating-the-energy-transition-apac.

55 CFA Institute, 2019, “ESG Disclosures in Asia Pacific”,
https://www.cfainstitute.org/-/media/documents/article/position-paper/esg-disclosures-apac.pdf

56 IMF, 2019, “Financial Inclusion of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Middle East and Central Asia”
https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/DP/2019/English/FISFMECAEA.ashx

57 ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 2020, “The Missing (Small) Businesses of Southeast Asia”
https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ISEAS_Perspective_2020_79.pdf

58 Asian Development Bank, 2021, “Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor Volume 1: Country and Regional Reviews”,
https://data.adb.org/dataset/asia-small-and-medium-sized-enterprise-monitor-2021-volume-1-country-and-regional-reviews

59 Asian Development Bank, 2021, “Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor Volume 1: Country and Regional Reviews”
https://data.adb.org/dataset/asia-small-and-medium-sized-enterprise-monitor-2021-volume-1-country-and-regional-reviews

60 Bosio, E & Djankov, S., 2020, “How large is public procurement?” World Bank Blogs.
https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/how-large-public-procurement.

61 Halonen, K. M., 2021, “Is public procurement fit for reaching sustainability goals? A law and economics approach to green public procurement”, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 28(4), 535–555.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211016756; NYU Stern. 2019. “Sustainable Procurement Barometer 2019.”
https://www.stern.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-sustainable-procurement-barometer-from-compliance-to-performance.pdf.

62 Sapir, A., Schraepen, T., & Tagliapietra, S., 2022, “Green Public Procurement: A Neglected Tool in the European Green Deal Toolbox?” Intereconomics,
https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2022/number/3/article/green-public-procurement-a-neglected-tool-in-the-european-green-deal-toolbox.html.

63 “Helsinki Principles | Coalition of Finance Ministers.” n.d. Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action.
https://www.financeministersforclimate.org/helsinki-principles.

64 Kuruvilla, S., et al, 2020, “Field opacity and practice-outcome decoupling: private regulation of labour standards in global supply chains”, Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 73(4):841-872.

65 Filho, W. L., et al, 2022, “An overview of the contribution of the textiles sector to climate change”
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.973102

66 International Labour Organisation, 2021, “Moving the needle: Gender equality and decent work in Asia’s garment sector Regional Road Map”,
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/genericdocument/wcms_793065.pdf

67 Judd, J. & Jackson, L., 2021, “DP 43: Repeat, Repair or Renegotiate? The Post-COVID Future of the Apparel Industry”. Better Work.
https://betterwork.org/portfolio/dp-43-repeat-repair-or-renegotiate-the-post-covid-future-of-the-apparel-industry/

68 deLaHamaide, Sybille, and Krishna C. Eluri. 2022. “EU palm oil use and imports seen plummeting by 2032.” Reuters.
https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/eu-palm-oil-use-imports-seen-plummeting-by-2032-2022-12-08/.

69 Ibid.

70 Mars, Inc., 2020, “Mars Palm Positive Plan Delivers Deforestation-Free Palm Oil Supply Chain”
https://www.mars.com/news-and-stories/press-releases/mars-palm-positive-plan.

71 “Sime Darby Plantation.” Sustainable Palm Oil Choice.
https://www.sustainablepalmoilchoice.eu/participant/sime-darby-plantation/

72 Ho, S., 2022, “RSPO chief on why it pushed oil palm giant Sime Darby to submit 'action plan' on alleged labour violations,” Eco-Business.com.
https://www.eco-business.com/news/rspo-chief-on-why-it-pushed-oil-palm-giant-sime-darby-to-submit-action-plan-on-alleged-labour-violations/

73 IEA, 2021, “Critical minerals – Topics”,
https://www.iea.org/topics/critical-minerals.

74 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, n.d., “Transition Minerals Tracker”,
https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/from-us/transition-minerals-tracker/.

75 Skidmore, Z., 2021, “How scope 3 emissions pose the biggest threat to net-zero ambitions”, Mining Technology, 27 September 2021,
https://www.mining-technology.com/features/cop26-scope3-net-zero/.

76 Fernandez, H., and Albay, R., 2022, “New mines, old problems - Special report on mining energy transition metals in Southeast Asia | News”, Eco-Business.com.
https://www.eco-business.com/news/new-mines-old-problems-special-report-on-mining-energy-transition-metals-in-southeast-asia/.

77 Walsh, B., Van der Plank, S., Behrens, P., 2017, “The effect of community consultation on perceptions of a proposed mine: A case study from southeast Australia”
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420716301660

78 White & Case LLP, 2022, “Supreme Court of Justice withdraws mining concessions for lack of community consultations.”
https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/supreme-court-justice-withdraws-mining-concessions-lack-community-consultations.

79 United Nations General Assembly Human Rights Council, 2022, “Regional consultation on the rights of Indigenous Peoples in Asia.”
https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G20/193/69/PDF/G2019369.pdf?OpenElement.