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Poor timing and failure of source control are risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients with secondary peritonitis

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Abstract

Purpose

To describe data on epidemiology, microbiology, clinical characteristics and outcome of adult patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) with secondary peritonitis, with special emphasis on antimicrobial therapy and source control.

Methods

Post hoc analysis of a multicenter observational study (Abdominal Sepsis Study, AbSeS) including 2621 adult ICU patients with intra‐abdominal infection in 306 ICUs from 42 countries. Time-till-source control intervention was calculated as from time of diagnosis and classified into ‘emergency’ (< 2 h), ‘urgent’ (2–6 h), and ‘delayed’ (> 6 h). Relationships were assessed by logistic regression analysis and reported as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

The cohort included 1077 cases of microbiologically confirmed secondary peritonitis. Mortality was 29.7%. The rate of appropriate empiric therapy showed no difference between survivors and non-survivors (66.4% vs. 61.3%, p = 0.1). A stepwise increase in mortality was observed with increasing Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores (19.6% for a value ≤ 4–55.4% for a value > 12, p < 0.001). The highest odds of death were associated with septic shock (OR 3.08 [1.42–7.00]), late-onset hospital-acquired peritonitis (OR 1.71 [1.16–2.52]) and failed source control evidenced by persistent inflammation at day 7 (OR 5.71 [3.99–8.18]). Compared with ‘emergency’ source control intervention (< 2 h of diagnosis), ‘urgent’ source control was the only modifiable covariate associated with lower odds of mortality (OR 0.50 [0.34–0.73]).

Conclusion

‘Urgent’ and successful source control was associated with improved odds of survival. Appropriateness of empirical antimicrobial treatment did not significantly affect survival suggesting that source control is more determinative for outcome.

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Acknowledgements

Collaborators AbSeS study. National Coordinators: Algeria: Amin Lamrous (CHU Alger), Argentina: Cecilia Pereyra (Hospital Interzonal Agudos Prof Dr Luis Guemes, Buenos Aires), Fernando Lipovestky (Universidad Abierta Interamericana Hospital, Buenos Aires); Australia: Despoina Koulenti (UQCCR, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane);Belgium: Jan De Waele (Ghent University Hospital, Ghent); Canada: Joao Rezende-Neto (St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto); (Colombia: Yenny Cardenas (Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe, Bogotá); Czech Republic: Tomas Vymazal (Motol University Hospital, Prague); Denmark: Hans Fjeldsoee-Nielsen (Fjeldsoee-Nielsen (Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster); France: Philippe Montravers (CHU Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris); Germany: Matthias Kott (Universitätsklinikum, Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel); Greece: Arvaniti Kostoula (Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki); India: Yash Javeri (Nayati Healthcare, Delhi); Italy: Massimo Girardis (University Hospital of Modena, Modena); Israel: Sharon Einav (Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, Jerusalem); Netherlands: Dylan de Lange (University Medical Center, Utrecht); Peru: Luis Daniel Umezawa Makikado (Clínica Ricardo Palma, Lima); Poland: Adam Mikstacki (Regional Hospital, Poznan); Portugal: José-Artur Paiva (Centro Hospitalar Universitário Sao João, Porto); Romania: Dana Tomescu (Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest); Russian Federation: Alexey Gritsan (Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Hospital, Krasnoryarsk); Serbia; Bojan Jovanovic (Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade); Singapore: Kumaresh Venkatesan (Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore); Slovenia: Tomislav Mirkovic (University Medical Centre, Ljubljana); Spain: Emilio Maseda (Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid); Turkey: Yalim Dikmen (Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul); United Kingdom: Benedict Creagh-Brown (Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guilford); Investigators: ALGERIA: CHU (Algiers): Amin Lamrous; ARGENTINA: Sanatorio Güemes (Buenos Aires): Monica Emmerich, Mariana Canale; Sanatorio de la Trinidad Mitre (Buenos Aires): Lorena Silvina Dietz, Santiago Ilutovich; Hospital General de Agudos "Dr. Teodoro Alvarez" (Buenos Aires): John Thomas Sanchez Miñope, Ramona Baldomera Silva; Hospital Militar Central (Buenos Aires): Martin Alexis Montenegro, Patricio Martin; Policlinico Central Union Obrera Metalurgica (Buenos Aires): Pablo Saul, Viviana Chediack; Sanatorio San José (Buenos Aires): Giselle Sutton, Rocio Couce; Hospital General de Agudos "Dr. Ignacio Pirovano" (Buenos Aires): Carina Balasini, Susana Gonzalez; Hospital Britanico (Buenos Aires): Florencia Maria Lascar, Emiliano Jorge Descotte; CMPF Churruca-Visca (Buenos Aires): Natalia Soledad Gumiela, Carina Alejandra Pino; Clinica San Camilo (Buenos Aires): Cristian Cesio, Emanuel Valgolio; Hospital Francisco Javier Muñiz (Buenos Aires): Eleonora Cunto, Cecilia Dominguez; Universidad Abierta Interamericana Hospital (Buenos Aires): Fernando Lipovestky; Hospital Alberto Balestrini (Buenos Aires): Nydia Funes Nelson, Esteban Martin Abegao; Hospital Interzonal Agudos Prof Dr Luis Güemes (Buenos Aires): Cecilia Pereyra, Norberto Christian Pozo; Hospital Español (Buenos Aires): Luciana Bianchi, Enrique Correger; Clinica Zabala (Caba): Maria Laura Pastorino, Erica Aurora Miyazaki; Hospital César Milstein (Caba): Norberto Christian Pozo, Nicolas Grubissich; Hospital Regional Victor Sanguinetti (Comodoro): Mariel Garcia, Natalia Bonetto; Hospital Municipal de Urgencias (Cordoba): Noelia Elizabeth Quevedo, Cristina Delia Gomez; Hospital Manuel B Cabrera (Coronel Pringles): Felipe Queti, Luis Gonzalez Estevarena; Hospital Español de Mendoza (Mendoza,Godoy Cruz: Ruben Fernandez, Ignacio Santolaya; H.I.G.A. Prof. Dr. Luis Güemes (Haedo): Norberto Christian Pozo; Hospital Municipa Doctor Carlos Macias (Mar de Ajo): Sergio Hugo Grangeat, Juan Doglia; Hospital Luis C. Lagomaggiore (Mendoza): Graciela Zakalik, Carlos Pellegrini; Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas (Moron): Maria Monserrat Lloria, Mercedes Esteban Chacon; Hospital Provincial de Neuquen (Neuquen): Mariela Fumale; Clinica Modelo S.A (Paraná): Mariela Leguizamon; Sanatorio de la Ciudad (Puerto Madryn): Irene Beatriz Hidalgo, Roberto Julian Tiranti; Sanatorio Nosti (Rafaela): Paola Capponi, Agustin Tita; Hospital Provincial del Centenario (Rosario): Luis Cardonnet, Lisandro Bettini; Sanatorio Parque (Rosario): Agñel Ramos, Luciano Lovesio; Hospital Papa Francisco (Salta): Edith Miriam Miranda, Angelica Beatriz Farfan; Hospital San Juan Bautista (San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca): Carina Tolosa, Lise Segura; Hospital Central San Isidro Dr Melchor A. Posse (San Isidro-Buenos Aires): Adelina Bellocchio, Brian Alvarez; Hospital Guillermo Rawson (San Juan): Adriana Manzur, Rodolfo Lujan; Establecimiento Asistencial Dr Lucio Molas (Santa Rosa): Natalia Fernandez, Nahuel Scarone; Clínica de Especialidades (Villa María): Alan Zazu, Carina Groh; AUSTRALIA: The Bendigo Hospital (Bendigo): Jason Fletcher, Julie Smith; Coffs Harbour Health Campus (Coffs Harbour): Raman Azad, Nitin Chavan; Concord Hospital (Concord): Helen Wong; Mark Kol; Royal Darwin Hospital (Darwin): Lewis Campbell; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Herston, Brisbane): Despoina Koulenti, Therese Starr; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (Nedlands): Brigit Roberts, Bradley Wibrow; Redcliffe Hospital (Redcliffe): Timothy Warhurst; St Vincent's Hospital (Toowommba): Meher Chinthamuneedi, Bernal Buitrago Ferney; BELGIUM: Cliniques du Sud Luxembourg (CSL)-Hôpital Saint-Joseph (Arlon): Marc Simon; Chirec Hospital (Braine-l’Alleud): Daniel De Backer; Cliniques Universitaires St Luc (Brussels): Xavier Wittebole; Brugmann University Hospital (Brussels): David De Bels, Cliniques de l'Europe—St-Michel (Brussels): Vincent Collin; University Hospital Antwerp (Edegem): Karolien Dams, Philippe Jorens; Ghent University Hospital (Ghent): Jan De Waele; Jessa Ziekenhuis (Hasselt): Jasperina Dubois; University Hospitals Leuven (Leuven): Jan Gunst; CHU Ambroise Paré (Mons): Lionel Haentjens; Clinique Saint-Pierre (Ottignies): Nicolas De Schryver, Thierry Dugernier; CANADA: St. Michael's Hospital (Toronto): Joao Rezende-Neto, Sandro Rizoli; CHILE: Hospital Clinico Viña del Mar (Viña del Mar): Paul Santillan CHINA: Jiangsu Province Hospital (Nanjing): Yi Han; Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University (Shanghai): Ewelina Biskup, Changjing Qu; Urumqi General Hospital (Urumqi): Xinyu Li, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital (Wuhu): Tao Yu, Lu Weihua; COLOMBIA: Clinica Universitaria Colombia (Bogota): Daniel Molano-Franco, José Rojas, Mederi Hospital (Bogota): Juan Mauricio Pardo Oviedo; Dario Pinilla; Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe (Bogota): Yenny Cardenas, Edgar Celis; Clinica Santa Gracia (Popayan): Mario Arias; CROATIA: Opća bolnica Dubrovnik (Dubrovnik): Anita Vukovic, Maja Vudrag; General Hospital Karlovac (Karlovac): Matija Belavic, Josip Zunic; Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka (Rijeka): Janja Kuharic, Irena Bozanic Kricka; University Hospital Center of Zagreb (Zagreb): Ina Filipovic-Grcic, Boris Tomasevic; University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice (Zagreb): Melanija Obraz, Bruna Bodulica; CZECH REPUBLIC: Nemocnice Břeclav (Břeclav): Martin Dohnal; University Hospital Brno (Brno): Jan Malaska, Milan Kratochvil; Municipal Hospital (Havirov): Igor Satinsky, Peter Schwarz; Hospital Karlovy Vary (Karlovy Vary): Zdenek Kos; University Hospital Olomouc (Olomouc): Ladislav Blahut; University Hospital of Ostrava (Ostrava): Jan Maca; Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (Prague): Marek Protus, Eva Kieslichová; DENMARK: Odense University Hospital (Odense): Louise Gramstrup Nielsen, Birgitte Marianne Krogh; ECUADOR: San Vicente de Paúl Hospital (Ibarra): Francisco Rivadeneira; Hospital Oncologico "Dr. Julio Villacreses Colmont" SOLCA (Portoviejo): Freddy Morales, José Mora; Hospital General Puyo (Puyo): Alexandra Saraguro Orozco; Hospital de Especialidades "Eugenio Espejo" (Quito): Diego Rolando MorochoTutillo, Nelson Remache Vargas; Clinica La Merced (Quito): Estuardo Salgado Yepez; Hospital Militar (Quito): Boris Villamagua; EGYPT: Kasr El AINI Hospital, Cairo University (Cairo): Adel Alsisi, Abdelraouf Fahmy; FRANCE: CHU Amiens (Amiens): Hervé Dupont; CHU Angers (Angers): Sigismond Lasocki; Hôpital Beaujon (Clichy): Catherine Paugam-Burtz, Arnaud Foucrier; Centre Hospitalier Compiegne Noyon (Compiègne): Alexandru Nica, Geneviève Barjon; Centre Hospitalier de Lens (Lens): Jihad Mallat; Hôpital Edouard Herriot (Lyon): Guillaume Marcotte; Hôpital Nord (Marseille): Marc Leone, Gary Duclos; Clinique du Millénaire (Montpellier): Philippe Burtin; CHU Bichat Claude Bernard (Paris): Philippe Montravers, Enora Atchade; Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph (Paris): Yazine Mahjoub, Benoît Misset; Hôpital Bichat (Paris) : Jean-François Timsit, Claire Dupuis; CHU de Rouen, Hôpital Charles Nicolle (Rouen): Benoît Veber; Centre Hospitalier Yves le Foll (Saint-Brieuc): Matthieu Debarre; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, NHC -Nouvel Hôpital Civil (Strasbourg): Oliver Collange; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre (Strasbourg): Julien Pottecher, Stephane Hecketsweiler; Hôpital Cochin (Paris): Mélanie Fromentin, Antoine Tesnière; GERMANY: University Hospital Giessen (Giessen): Christian Koch, Michael Sander; Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (Kiel): Matthias Kott, Gunnar Elke; University Hospital of Leipzig (Leipzig): Hermann Wrigge, Philipp Simon; GREECE: General Hospital of Agios Nikolaos (Agios Nikolados): Anthoula Chalkiadaki, Charalampos Tzanidakis; Democritus University of Thrace (Alexandroupolis): Ioannis Pneumatikos, Eleni Sertaridou; Evangelismos Hospital (Athens): Zafiria Mastora, Ioannis Pantazopoulos; Hippocrateion General Hospital of Athens (Athens): Metaxia Papanikolaou, Theonymfi Papavasilopoulou; General Hospital Laiko (Athens): John Floros, Virginia Kolonia; University Hospital Attikon (Athens): George Dimopoulos, Chryssa Diakaki; General Hospital Asklepieio Voulas (Athens): Michael Rallis, Alexandra Paridou; General Hospital G. Gennimatas (Athens): Alexandros Kalogeromitros, Vasiliki Romanou; Konstantopouleio Hospital (Athens): Charikleia Nikolaou, Katerina Kounougeri; Agioi Anargiroi General Oncological Hospital of Kifissia (Athens): Evdoxia Tsigou, Vasiliki Psallida; Red Cross Hospital (Athens): Niki Karampela, Konstantinos Mandragos; General Hospital St George (Chania): Eftychia Kontoudaki, Alexandra Pentheroudaki; Thriassio General Hospital of Eleusis (Eleusis): Christos Farazi-Chongouki, Agathi Karakosta; Giannitsa General Hospital (Giannitsa): Isaac Chouris, Vasiliki Radu; University Hospital Heraklion (Heraklion): Polychronis Malliotakis, Sofia Kokkini; Venizelio General Hospital of Heraklion (Heraklion): Eliana Charalambous, Aikaterini Kyritsi; University Hospital of Ioannina (Ioannina): Vasilios Koulouras, Georgios Papathanakos; General Hospital Kavala (Kavala): Eva Nagky, Clairi Lampiri; Lamia General Hospital (Lamia): Fotios Tsimpoukas, Ioannis Sarakatsanos; Agios Andrea's General Hospital of Patras (Patras): Panagiotis Georgakopoulos, Ifigeneia Ravani; Tzaneio General Hospital (Pireaus): Athanasios Prekates, Konstantinos Sakellaridis; General Hospital of Pyrgos (Pyrgos Hleias): Christos Christopoulos, Efstratia Vrettou; General Hospotal of Rethymnon (Rethymnon): Konstantinos Stokkos, Anastasia Pentari; Papageorgiou Hospital (Thessaloniki): Kostoula Arvaniti, Kyriaki Marmanidou; Hippokration Hospial (Thessaloniki): Christina Kydona, Georgios Tsoumaropoulos; G. Papanikolaou General Hospital (Thessaloniki): Militisa Bitzani, Paschalina Kontou; Agios Pavlos Hospital (Thessaloniki): Antonios Voudouris, Elli-Nikki, Flioni; General Hospital of Thessaloniki G.Gennimatas (Thessaloniki): Elli Antypa, Eleftheria Chasou; Theagenio Anticancer Hospital (Thessaloniki): Souzana Anisoglou, Eirini Papageorgiou; General Hospital of Trikala (Trikala): Theoniki Paraforou, Agoritsa Tsioka; Achillopoyleio General Hospital Volos (Volos): Antigoni Karathanou; Xanthi General Hospital (Xanthi): Aristeidis Vakalos; INDIA: CIMS Hospital (Ahmedabad): Bhagyesh Shah, Chirag Thakkar; CHL Hospitals (Indore): Nikhilesh Jain; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) (Lucknow): Mohan Gurjar, Arvind Baronia; Ruby Hall Clinic (Pune): Prachee Sathe, Shilpa Kulkarni; Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute (Thrissur): Cherish Paul, John Paul; IRAN: Nemazi Hospital (Shiraz): Mansoor Masjedi; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz): Reza Nikandish, Farid Zand; Shiraz Trauma Hospital (Shiraz): Golnar Sabetian; Shohada Hospital (Tabriz): Ata Mahmoodpoor; Masih Daneshvari Hospital (NRITLD (Tehran): Seyed Mohammadreza Hashemian; ISRAEL: Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (Jerusalem): Miklosh Bala; ITALY: Cardarelli Ospedale (Campobasso): Romeo Flocco, Sergio Torrente; PinetaGrande Private Hospital (Castel Volturno): Vincenzo Pota; Arcispedale Sant'Anna (Ferrara): Savino Spadaro, Carlo Volta; University Hospital of Modena (Modena): Massimo Girardis, Giulia Serafini; Ospedale S.Antonio (Padova): Sabrina Boraso, Ivo Tiberio; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone (Palermo): Andrea Cortegiani, Giovanni Misseri; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma (Parma): Maria Barbagallo, Davide Nicolotti; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana (Pisa): Francesco Forfori, Francesco Corradi; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS (Roma): Massimo Antonelli, Gennaro De Pascale; Regina Elena National Cancer Institute of Rome (Roma): Lorella Pelagalli; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Presidio Ospedaliero Molinette (Torino): Luca Brazzi, Ferdinando Giorgio Vittone; Policlinico Universitario GB Rossi (Verona): Alessandro Russo, Davide Simion; University-Hospital of Foggia (Foggia): Antonella Cotoia, Gilda Cinnella JAMAICA: University Hospital of the West Indies (Kingston): Patrick Toppin, Roxanne Johnson-Jackson; JAPAN: Kameda General Hospital (Kamogawa): Yoshiro Hayashi, Ryohei Yamamoto; Japanese Red Cross Musashino Hospital (Tokyo): Hideto Yasuda, Yuki Kishihara; Okinawa Prectural Chube Hospital (Uruma, Okinawa): Junji Shiotsuka; MEXICO: UMAE Hospital Especialidades Antonio Fraga Mouret-Centro Medico Nacional La Raza IMSS (Mexico City): Luis Alejandro Sanchez-Hurtado, Brigitte Tejeda-Huezo; Hospital Juárez de Mexico (Mexico City): Luis Gorordo; Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (Mexico City): Silvio A. Ñamendys-Silva, Francisco J. Garcia-Guillen; Hospital general # 5 IMSS (Nogales, Sonora): Manuel Martinez; Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Península de Yucatán (Merida, Yacatan): Erick Romero-Meja, Ever Colorado-Dominguez; NETHERLANDS: Deventer Hospital (Deventer): Huub van den Oever, Karel Martijn Kalff; Medisch Spectrum Twente (Enschede): Wytze Vermeijden, Alexander Daniel Cornet; Tjongerschans Hospital (Heerenveen): Oliver Beck, Nedim Cimic; Zuyderland Medisch Centrum (Heerlen): Tom Dormans, Laura Bormans; Erasmus MC University Medical Center (Rotterdam): Jan Bakker, Ditty Van Duijn; Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis (Tilburg): Gerrit Bosman, Piet Vos; University Medical Center (Utrecht): Dylan de Lange, Jozef Kesecioglu; Diakonessenhuis (Utrecht): Lenneke Haas; OMAN: Khoula Hospital (Muscat): Akram Henein; PARAGUAY: Hospital Regional de Luque (Luque): Ariel M Miranda; PERU: Clínica Ricardo Palma (Lima): Luis Daniel Umezawa Makikado, Gonzalo Ernesto Gianella Malca; Victor Lazarte Echegaray Hospital (Trujillo): Abel Arroyo-Sanchez; POLAND: Silesian Hospital Cieszyn (Cieszyn): Agnieszka Misiewska-Kaczur; Wojewodzki Szpital Zesoloby w Koninie (Konin): Frisch Akinyi; First Public Teaching Hospital (Lublin): Miroslaw Czuczwar; Szpital Wojewodzki w Opolu SPZOZ (Opole): Karolina Luczak; SPZZOZ w Ostrowi Mazowieckiej (Ostrow Mazowiecka): Wiktor Sulkowski; Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Regional Hospital in Poznan (Poznan): Barbara Tamowicz, Adam Mikstacki; Centrum Medyczne (Poznan): Beata Swit, Bronisław Baranowski; University Hospital (Poznan): Piotr Smuszkiewicz, Iwona Trojanowska; WSM im. J. Strusia (Poznan): Stanislaw Rzymski; Niepubliczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej Szpital w Puszczykowie im. prof. Stefana Tytusa Dąbrowskiego (Puszczykowo): Mariusz Sawinski, Marta Trosiak; Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital of Warsaw Medical University (Warsaw): Malgorzata Mikaszewska-Sokolewicz; PORTUGAL: Hospital de Braga (Braga): Ricardo Alves, Dina Leal; Centro Hospitalar Algarve (Faro): Andriy Krystopchuk, Pedro Muguel Hilario Mendonca; Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central—Hospital Curry Cabral (Lisboa): Rui Antunes Pereira; Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte—Hospital de Santa Maria (Lisboa): Maria Raquel Lopes Marques de Carvalho, Carlos Candeias; Hospital Pedro Hispano (Matosinhos): Elena Molinos, Amélia Ferreira; Centro Hospitalar Sao Joao—Serviço Medicina Intensiva—UCIPU (Porto): Guiomar Castro, José-Artur Paiva; Centro Hospitalar Sao Joao—Serviço Medicina Intensiva—UCIPG (Porto):José-Manuel Pereira; Centro Hospitalar Sao Joao—Infectious Diseases ICU (Porto): Lurdes Santos, Alcina Ferreira; Hospital do Litoral Alentejano (Santiago do Cacém): Dulce Pascoalinho; São Bernardo—Centro Hospitalar Setubal (Setubal): Rosa Ribeiro, Guilherme Domingos; Hospital Vila Franca de Xira (Vila Franca de Xira): Pedro Gomes, David Nora; Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Vila Real): Rui Pedro Costa, Anabela Santos; QATAR: Hamad Medical Corporation (Doha): Ahmed Subhy Alsheikhly; ROMANIA: Fundeni Clinical Institute (Bucharest): Dana Tomescu, Mihai Popescu; Regional Institute of Oncology (lasi): Ioana Grigoras, Emilia Patrascanu; RUSSIAN FEDERATION: Krasnodar Regional Hospital #2 (Krasnodar): Igor Zabolotskikh, Tatiana Musaeva; Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Hospital (Krasnoyarsk): Alexey Gritsan, Denis Gaigolnik; Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery (Moscow): Vladimir Kulabukhov; Privolzhskiy District Medical Center (Nizhniy Novgorod): Vladislav Belskiy; Clinical Hospital # 4 (Perm): Nadezhda Zubareva, Maxim Tribulev; SAUDI ARABIA: International Medical Center (Jeddah): Ahmed Abdelsalam, Ayman Aldarsani; King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (Riyadh): Muhammad Al-Khalid; PSMMC (Riyadh): Ghaleb Almekhlafi, Yasser Mandourah; SERBIA: Clinical Centre of Serbia (Belgrade): Bojan Jovanovic, Krstina Doklestic; Clinic for Digestive Surgery (Belgrade): Jelena Velickovic, Dejan Velickovic; Clinical Center Nis, (Nis): Radmilo Jankovic, Anita Vukovic; Oncology Institute of Vojvodina (Sremska Kamenica): Svetlana Skoric-Jokic, Dragana Radovanovic; SOUTH AFRICA: Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (Johannesburg): Guy Richards, Ahmad Alli; SPAIN: Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (Albacete): Maria del Carmen Cordoba Nielfa, Rafael Sánchez Iniesta; Parc de Salut Mar (Barcelona): Adela Benítez-Cano Martínez, Carlos Garcia Bernedo; Hospital Delfos (Barcelona): Santiago Alberto Picos Gil; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (Barcelona): Xavier Nuvials, Jordi Rello; Hospital Universitario de Basurto (Bilbao): Joseba Gonzalez Garcia, Jose Manuel Garcia Peña; Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucia (Cartagena): Roberto Jimenez, Luis Herrera; Hospital General Universitari de Castelló (Castelló): Laura Galarza Barrachina, Ignacio Catalan Monzon; Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real (Ciudad Real): Francisco Javier Redondo, Ruben Villazala; Hospital Costa de la Luz (Huelva): Diego Fernando Matallana Zapata, Isabel Maria Villa Lopez; Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (L´Hospitalet de Llobregat): Gabriel Moreno-Gonzalez, Juan Carlos Lopez-Delgado; Hospital Universitario de Canarias (La Laguna): Jorge Solera Marin; Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa (Léganes): Purificacion Sanchez-Zamora; Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova (Lleida): Montserrat Vallverdú Vidal; Hospital Quirón Campo de Gibraltar (Cádiz): Jesús Flores González; Hospital Universitarion del Henares (Madrid): Irene Salinas, Cecilia Hermosa; Hospital Universitario La Paz (Madrid): Emilio Maseda; Hospital Clinico San Carlos (Madrid): Fernando Martinez-Sagasti, Sara Domingo-Marín; Central de la Defensa Gomez Ulla (Madrid): Johanna Abril Victorino; Hospital 12 de Octubre (Madrid): Raquel Garcia-Alvarez, Pablo López-Arcas Calleja; Hospital Universitario de Malaga (Malaga): Maria-Victoria de la Torre-Prados; CHU Ourense (Ourense): Pablo Vidal-Cortes, Lorena del Río-Carbajo; Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (Pamplona): Javier Izura, Victoria Minguez; Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa (Terrassa): Josep Trenado Alvarez, Anna Parera Prous; Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo (Toledo): Daniel Paz; Hospital Verge de la Cinta (Tortosa): Ferran Roche-Campo; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia (Valencia): Gerardo Aguilar, Javier Belda; Rio Hortega University Hospital (Valladolid): Jesus Rico-Feijoo, Cesat Aldecoa; Hospital Clinico Universitario Lozano Blesa (Zaragoza): Begoña Zalba-Etayo; SWITZERLAND: Kantonsspital Frauenfeld (Frauenfeld): Martin Lang; Alexander Dullenkopf; THAILAND: Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University (Bangkok): Konlawij Trongtrakul; Anusang Chtsomkasem; TURKEY: Düzce University Hospital (Duzce): Türkay Akbaş; Ankara University School of Medicine (Ankara): Mustafa Necmettin Unal, Menekse Ozcelik; Akdeniz University Medical School (Antalya): Ayca Gumus, Atilla Ramazanoglu; Trakya University Medical Faculty (Edirne): Dilek Memis, Inal Mehmet; Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School (Istanbul): Yalim Dikmen, Seval Urkmez; Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital (Istanbul): Asu Ozgultekin; Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School Hospital (Istanbul): Oktay Demirkiran; Medipol Mega Hospitals Complex (Istanbul): Nesrin Ahu Aslan, Deniz Kizilaslan; Uludag University, School of Medicine (Nilüfer/Bursa): Ferda Kahveci, Nurdan Ünlü; Elazig Training & Research Hospital (Elazig): Zeynep Ozkan; UNITED KINGDOM: Aberdeen Royal Infirmary (Aberdeen): Callum Kaye, Jan Jansen; Antrim Area Hospital (Antrim): Orla O'Neill, Christopher Nutt; Barnet General Hospital, RFL NHS FT (Barnet): Rajeev Jha, Nicolas Hooker; Basingsoke & North Hampshire Hospital (Basingstoke): Irina Grecu, Christina Petridou; Royal Victoria Hospital (Belfast): Murali Shyamsundar, Lia McNamee; Ulster Hospital (Belfast): John Trinder, Samantha Hagan; Belfast City Hospital (Belfast): Catriona Kelly, Jonathon Silversides; Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals (Brighton): Casiano Barrera Groba, Owen Boyd; West Suffolk Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (Bury St Edmunds): Kaushik Bhowmick, Sally Humphreys; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Cambridge (Cambridge): Charlotte Summers, Petra Polgarova; Western Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, St Richard’s Hospital (Chichester, West Sussex): Michael Margarson, Justin Dickens; Colchester General Hospital (Colchester): Suzanne Pearson, Elaine Chinery; Altnagelvin Hospital (Derry): Noel Hemmings, Sinead O'Kane; Ninewells Hospital (Dundee): Pauline Austin, Stephen Cole; Medway NHS Foundation Trust (Gillingham): Catherine Plowright, Roberta Box; Queen Elizabeth University Hospital (Glasgow): Christopher Wright, Lorna Young; Royal Surrey County Hospital (Guildford): Ben Creagh-Brown, Laura Montague; Aintree University Hospital (Liverpool): Robert Parker; Ben Morton; Guy’s and St Thomas Hospitals (London): Marlies Ostermann, Julia Bilinska; University Hospital Lewisham (London): Bernd Oliver Rose, Rosie Reece-Anthony; St Georges University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (London): Christine Ryan, Mark Hamilton; King's College Hospital (London): Philip Hopkins, Julia Wendon; Luton and Dunstable Hospital (Luton): Giovanni Brescia, Nazia Ijaz; Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust Hospital (Maidstone): James Wood, Michelle George; Prince Charles Hospital (Merthyr Tydfil): Piroska Toth-Tarsoly; Northumbria Specialist Emergency Care Hospital (Newcastle Upon Tyne): Bryan Yates, Maureen Armstrong; Royal Victoria Infirmary (Newcastle Upon Tyne): Carmen Scott, Christine Boyd; Royal Gwent Hospital (Newport): Tamas Szakmany, David Rees; Kings Mill Hospital (Nottingham): Paul Pulak, Mandy Coggon; Royal Oldham Hospital (Oldham): Bhaskar Saha, Linda Kent; Royal Glamorgan Hospital (Pontyclun): Bethan Gibson; Poole Hospital NHS FT ( Poole): Julie Camsooksai, Henrik Reschreiter; East Surrey Hospital (Redhill): Pat Morgan, Sivatharshini Sangaralingham; Conquest Hospital (St Leonards-on-sea): Alastair Lowe, Petr Vondras; Lister Hospital (Stevenage): Sunil Jamadarkhana, Carina Cruz; University Hospital of North Tees (Stockton-on-Tees): Rakesh Bhandary; Sunderland Royal Hospital (Sunderland): Peter Hersey, Julie Furneval; Musgrove Park Hospital (Taunton): Richard Innes, Patricia Doble; Warwick Hospital (Warwick): Ben Attwood, Penny Parsons; Watford General Hospital (Watford): Valerie Page, Xiaobei Zhao; Royal Hampshire County Hospital (Winchester): Irina Grecu, Julian Dalton; UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Sheikh Khalifa Medical City (Abu Dhabi): Mohammed Hegazy, Yasser Awad; UNITED STATES: Cleveland Clinic (Cleveland): Douglas Naylor, Amanda Naylor; Detroit Medical Center (Detroit): Sarah Lee; University of South Alabama Medical Center (Mobile, AL): Sidney Brevard, Noelle Davis.

Funding

AbSeS is a Trials Group Study of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. The study was supported by a Pfizer investigator-initiated research grant.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy

    Gennaro De Pascale & Massimo Antonelli

  2. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

    Gennaro De Pascale & Massimo Antonelli

  3. Data Science Institute, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

    Mieke Deschepper

  4. Intensive Care Unit, Papageorgiou University Affiliated Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Kostoula Arvaniti

  5. Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Campus UZ Gent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Koen Blot, Jan De Waele, Sonia Labeau, Dirk Vogelaers & Stijn Blot

  6. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Belgium

    Koen Blot

  7. Surrey Perioperative Anaesthetic Critical Care Collaborative Research Group (SPACeR), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK

    Ben Creagh Brown

  8. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

    Ben Creagh Brown

  9. Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Dylan de Lange

  10. Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

    Jan De Waele

  11. Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey

    Yalim Dikmen

  12. 3rd Department of Critical Care, “EVGENIDIO” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    George Dimopoulos

  13. Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Peine, Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Christian Eckmann

  14. Division of Scientific Affairs‑Research, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, Brussels, Belgium

    Guy Francois

  15. Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy

    Massimo Girardis

  16. UQ Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

    Despoina Koulenti & Stijn Blot

  17. 2ND Critical Care Department, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece

    Despoina Koulenti

  18. Department of Nursing, Faculty of Education, Health and Social Work, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium

    Sonia Labeau

  19. Jamieson Trauma Institute and The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

    Jeffrey Lipman

  20. Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nimes, France

    Jeffrey Lipman & Jordi Rello

  21. Critical Care Department, Hospital of the Interamerican Open University (UAI), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Fernando Lipovetsky

  22. Surgical Critical Care, Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

    Emilio Maseda

  23. Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1152-PHERE, Paris, France

    Philippe Montravers

  24. Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, HUPNSV, AP-HP, Paris, France

    Philippe Montravers

  25. Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

    Adam Mikstacki

  26. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Regional Hospital in Poznan, Poznan, Poland

    Adam Mikstacki

  27. Grupo Infec ao e Sepsis, Intensive Care Department, Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitario S. Joao, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    José-Artur Paiva

  28. Intensive Care Unit from Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos “Prof Dr Luis Guemes”, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Cecilia Pereyra

  29. Ciberes and Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain

    Jordi Rello

  30. Université Paris-Cité, IAME, INSERM 1137, 75018, Paris, France

    Jean-Francois Timsit

  31. AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Medical and Infection Diseases ICU (MI2), 75018, Paris, France

    Jean-Francois Timsit

  32. Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, AZ Delta, Roeselare, Belgium

    Dirk Vogelaers

Authors
  1. Gennaro De Pascale
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  2. Massimo Antonelli
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  3. Mieke Deschepper
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  4. Kostoula Arvaniti
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  5. Koen Blot
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  6. Ben Creagh Brown
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  7. Dylan de Lange
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  8. Jan De Waele
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  9. Yalim Dikmen
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  10. George Dimopoulos
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  11. Christian Eckmann
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  12. Guy Francois
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  13. Massimo Girardis
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  14. Despoina Koulenti
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  15. Sonia Labeau
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  16. Jeffrey Lipman
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  17. Fernando Lipovetsky
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  18. Emilio Maseda
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  19. Philippe Montravers
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  20. Adam Mikstacki
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  21. José-Artur Paiva
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  22. Cecilia Pereyra
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  23. Jordi Rello
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  24. Jean-Francois Timsit
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  25. Dirk Vogelaers
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  26. Stijn Blot
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Consortia

on behalf of the Abdominal Sepsis Study (AbSeS) group and the Trials Group of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine

  • Amin Lamrous
  • , Cecilia Pereyra
  • , Fernando Lipovestky
  • , Despoina Koulenti
  • , Jan De Waele
  • , Joao Rezende-Neto
  • , Tomas Vymazal
  • , Hans Fjeldsoee-Nielsen
  • , Philippe Montravers
  • , Matthias Kott
  • , Arvaniti Kostoula
  • , Yash Javeri
  • , Massimo Girardis
  • , Sharon Einav
  • , Dylan de Lange
  • , Luis Daniel Umezawa Makikado
  • , Adam Mikstacki
  • , José-Artur Paiva
  • , Dana Tomescu
  • , Alexey Gritsan
  • , Bojan Jovanovic
  • , Kumaresh Venkatesan
  • , Tomislav Mirkovic
  • , Emilio Maseda
  • , Yalim Dikmen
  • , Benedict Creagh-Brown
  • , Monica Emmerich
  • , Mariana Canale
  • , Lorena Silvina Dietz
  • , Santiago Ilutovich
  • , John Thomas Sanchez Miñope
  • , Ramona Baldomera Silva
  • , Martin Alexis Montenegro
  • , Patricio Martin
  • , Pablo Saul
  • , Viviana Chediack
  • , Giselle Sutton
  • , Rocio Couce
  • , Carina Balasini
  • , Susana Gonzalez
  • , Florencia Maria Lascar
  • , Emiliano Jorge Descotte
  • , Natalia Soledad Gumiela
  • , Carina Alejandra Pino
  • , Cristian Cesio
  • , Emanuel Valgolio
  • , Eleonora Cunto
  • , Cecilia Dominguez
  • , Fernando Lipovestky
  • , Nydia Funes Nelson
  • , Esteban Martin Abegao
  • , Cecilia Pereyra
  • , Norberto Christian Pozo
  • , Luciana Bianchi
  • , Enrique Correger
  • , Maria Laura Pastorino
  • , Erica Aurora Miyazaki
  • , Nicolas Grubissich
  • , Mariel Garcia
  • , Natalia Bonetto
  • , Noelia Elizabeth Quevedo
  • , Cristina Delia Gomez
  • , Felipe Queti
  • , Luis Gonzalez Estevarena
  • , Ruben Fernandez
  • , Ignacio Santolaya
  • , Norberto Christian Pozo
  • , Sergio Hugo Grangeat
  • , Juan Doglia
  • , Graciela Zakalik
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The first draft of the manuscript was written by GDP, SB and MA and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stijn Blot.

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Conflicts of interest

Received grants related to the submitted work: SB (Pfizer). Received honoraria or grants outside the submitted work: MA (Fresenius, Pfizer, Toray); JDW (Research Foundation Flanders, Pfizer, MSD, Thermofisher); CE (Merck, Pfizer); JL (MSD, Pfizer); EM (Astellas Pharma, Pfizer, MSD); All other authors: no conflict of interest.

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De Pascale, G., Antonelli, M., Deschepper, M. et al. Poor timing and failure of source control are risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients with secondary peritonitis. Intensive Care Med 48, 1593–1606 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-022-06883-y

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