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Globalization from Below: Labor Inequality in the German Shipbuilding Industry, 1960–2000

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2022

Abstract

This article examines how globalization shaped work and employment in the German shipbuilding industry in the second half of the twentieth century. Official documents show that, as a response to global competition, originally large and labor-intensive shipyards in the northwest of Germany evolved into lean and nimble high-technology companies across four decades. Oral history interviews with former migrant and nonmigrant staff of two leading shipyards reveal that this large-scale industry transformation is a hitherto hidden history of labor mobility, migration, and evolving dimensions of diversity in the workplace. Migration is a lens through which to understand how corporate responses to global developments led to persistent patterns of social exclusion and inequality between and within groups of workers with and without migrant backgrounds that have not been documented before, namely: social divisions, unequal access to vocational training and retraining programs, unequal career opportunities, unfair redundancies, and unequal impact of precarious work.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Albert, Götz. Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Krise der deutschen Schiffbauindustrie 1945–1990. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1998.Google Scholar
Bothe, Katharina. Arbeitskulturen im Wandel. Werften, Migration, Globalisierung. Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2020.Google Scholar
Kappel, Robert, and Rother, Detlev. Wandlungsprozesse in der Schifffahrt und im Schiffbau Westeuropas. Möglichkeiten einer Beeinflussung. Bremen: Institut für Seeverkehrsrecht, 1982.Google Scholar
Ostersehlte, Christian. Von Howaldt zu HDW. 165 Jahre Entwicklung von einer Kieler Eisengießerei zum weltweit operierenden Schiffbau- und Technologiekonzern. Hamburg: Koehler, Company Chronicle, 2004.Google Scholar
Standing, Guy. The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011.Google Scholar
Tenold, Stig. Tankers in Trouble: Norwegian Shipping and the Crisis of the 1970s and 1980s. St. John’s, Newfoundland: International Maritime Economic History Association (Liverpool University Press), 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. Comparing Super-diversity. London: Routledge, 2015.Google Scholar
Witthöft, Hans-Jürgen. Tradition und Fortschritt. 125 Jahre B + V. Hamburg: Koehler, Company Chronicle, 2002.Google Scholar
Association for Shipbuilding and Ocean Technologies e.V. (VSM). 2000. Annual Report 2000. Accessed March 7, 2018, www.vsm.de/sites/default/files/dokumente/39cb0bccbc451e3950690868acaa9e71/jahresbericht2000.pdf.Google Scholar
Blohm + Voss. Annual reports 1960–1997. State Archives of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. “Grounding Globalization.” In Global Ethnography: Forces, Connections, and Imaginations in a Postmodern World, edited by Burawoy, Michael, Blum, Joseph A., George, Sheba, Gille, Zsuzsa, Gowan, Teresa, Haney, Lynne, Klawiter, Maren, Lopez, Steven H., Riain, Seán Ó, and Thayer, Mille, 337350. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. “Manufacturing the Global.” Ethnography 2, no. 2 (2001): 147159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. “Rejoinder: For a Subaltern Global Sociology?Current Sociology 56, no. 3 (2008): 435444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carstensen, Anne Lisa. “Challenging the Trade Union Agenda: Migrants’ Interest Representation and German Trade Unions in Hamburg in the 1970s and 1980s.” Labor History 62, no. 1 (2021): 2340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castles, Stephen. “Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation Perspective.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36, no. 10 (2010): 15651586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cramer, Ulrich. “Beschäftigte im Schiffbau—Opfer des Strukturwandels?” In Küstenregionen im Strukturwandel, edited by Karr, Werner, 70–83. Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, BeitrAB 169. Nuremberg: Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesanstalt für Arbeit, 1993.Google Scholar
Crawford, Robert. “Off the Books: Oral History and Transnational Advertising Agencies in Southeast Asia.” Enterprise and Society 20, no. 1 (2019): 4759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, Robert, and Bailey, Matthew. “Cousins Once Removed? Revisiting the Relationship Between Oral History and Business History.” Enterprise and Society 20, no. 1 (2019): 418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eriksson, Rikard H., Henning, Martin, and Otto, Anne. “Industrial and Geographical Mobility of Workers During Industry Decline: The Swedish and German Shipbuilding Industries 1970–2000.” Geoforum, 75 (2016): 8798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fear, Jeffrey. “Mining the Past: Historicizing Organizational Learning and Change.” In Organizations in Time. History, Theory, Methods, edited by Bucheli, Marcelo and Wadhwani, R. Daniel, 169191. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
German Federal Statistical Office. “Zur Lage im Schiffbau der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.” In Wirtschaft und Statistik 7, 10101016. Stuttgart and Köln: Kohlhammer, 1984.Google Scholar
German Federal Statistics. Statistik für das Verarbeitende Gewerbe—Schiffbaubetriebe. Wiesbaden, 2017.Google Scholar
Gibbs, Ewan. “The Moral Economy of the Scottish Coalfields: Managing Deindustrialization Under Nationalization c.1947–1983.” Enterprise and Society 19, no. 1 (2018): 124152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goeke, Simon. “The Multinational Working Class? Political Activism and Labour Migration in West Germany During the 1960s and 1970s.” Journal of Contemporary History 49, no. 1 (2014): 160182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greve, Henrich R.A Behavioral Theory of R&D Expenditures and Innovations: Evidence from Shipbuilding.” Academy of Management Journal 46, no. 6 (2003): 685702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Per H.Business History: A Cultural and Narrative Approach.” Business History Review 86, no. 4 (2012): 693717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heseler, Heiner. Restrukturing der deutschen Schiffbau-Neuorganisation des Bremer Werftenverbunds. Bremen: Universität Bremen, Kooperationsbereich Universität–Arbeiterkammer, 1993.Google Scholar
Heseler, Heiner. “Sectoral Restructuring: The East German Shipyards on the Path to the Market Economy.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 17, no. 3 (1993): 349363.Google Scholar
Heseler, Heiner, and Brodda, Joachim. Cluster und Prozessketten in der maritimen Industrie. Ansatzpunkte für eine zielgerichtete Wirtschaftsstruktur. Studie im Auftrag der IG Metall Bezirk Küste, Arbeitsheft 11. Berlin: Otto Brenner Stiftung, 2000.Google Scholar
Heseler, Heiner, and Osterland, Martin. “Betriebsstillegung und lokaler Arbeitsmarkt.“ MittAB 19 (1986): 233242.Google Scholar
Hinken, Günter. “Die ‘fremde’ Seite der ‘Deutschland AG’—Arbeitsmigrantinnen und Arbeitsmigranten im deutschen Unternehmenssystem.” In Migration im Wettbewerbsstaat, edited by Hunger, Uwe and Santel, Berhard, 3358. Opladen, Germany: Leske + Budrich, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtrop, André, and Warsewa, Günter. Der Wandel maritimer Strukturen . Bremen: Schriftenreihe Institut Arbeit und Wirtschaft 02, Institut für Arbeit und Wirtschaft (IAW) , Universität/Arbeitnehmerkammer Bremen, 2008.Google Scholar
Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW). Annual reports 1960/1961–2000/2001. ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) Company Archive.Google Scholar
IG Metall–Coastal District. Beschäftigung, Auftragslage, Perspektiven im deutschen Schiffbau. Ergebnisse der Befragung der Betriebsräte im September 1999. Bremen: Institut für Arbeit und Wirtschaft (IAW), Universität Bremen, 1999. Archives of the IAW, University of Bremen.Google Scholar
IG Metall–Coastal District. Beschäftigung, Auftragslage, Perspektiven im deutschen Schiffbau. Ergebnisse der Befragung der Betriebsräte im September 2000. Bremen: Institut für Arbeit und Wirtschaft (IAW), Universität Bremen, 2000. Archives of the IAW, University of Bremen.Google Scholar
IG Metall–Coastal District. Beschäftigung, Auftragslage, Perspektiven im deutschen Schiffbau. Ergebnisse der Befragung der Betriebsräte im September 2002. Bremen: Institut für Arbeit und Wirtschaft (IAW), Universität Bremen, 2002. Archives of the IAW, University of Bremen.Google Scholar
Keulen, Sjoerd, and Kroeze, Ronald. “Back to Business: A Next Step in the Field of Oral History—The Usefulness of Oral History for Leadership and Organizational Research.” Oral History Review 39, no. 1 (2012): 1536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keulen, Sjoerd, and Kroeze, Ronald. “The Rise of Neoliberalism and the Termination of Keynesian Policies: A Multilevel Governance Analysis of the Closure of the Amsterdam Shipyards, 1968–1986.” Enterprise and Society 22, no. 1 (2021): 212246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroeze, Ronald, and Vervloet, Jasmijn. “A Life at the Company: Oral History and Sense Making.” Enterprise and Society 20, no. 1 (2019): 3346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, Chaisung, Kim, Younghun, and Lee, Keun. “Changes in Industrial Leadership and Catch-up by Latecomers in Shipbuilding Industry.” Asian Journal of Technology Innovation 25, no. 1 (2017): 6178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludwig, Thorsten. Die Schiffbauindustrie in Norddeutschland. Branchenstudie im Rahmen des Projektes “Struktureller Wandel und nachhaltige Modernisierung—Perspektiven der Industriepolitik in Norddeutschland.” AGS Agentur für Struktur- und Personalentwicklung GmbH, 2014. Accessed June 3, 2016, https://nord.dgb.de.Google Scholar
Ludwig, Thorsten, and Tholen, Jochen. “Schiffbau in Europa—Europäische Kooperation als Antwort auf die Globalisierung? WSI-Mitteilungen 1 (2007): 1722. Accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.boeckler.de/wsimit_2007_01_ludwig.pdf.Google Scholar
Marx, Christian. “Reorganization of Multinational Companies in the Western European Chemical Industry: Transformations in Industrial Management and Labor, 1960s to 1990s.” Enterprise and Society 21, no. 1 (2020): 3878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLachlan, Christopher J., MacKenzie, Robert, and Greenwood, Ian. “The Role of the Steelworker Occupational Community in the Internalization of Industrial Restructuring: The ‘Layering up’ of Collective Proximal and Distal Experiences.” Sociology 53, no. 5 (2019): 916930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paret, Marcel, and Gleeson, Shannon. “Precarity and Agency Through a Migration Lens.” Citizenship Studies, 20, nos. 3–4 (2016): 277294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portelli, Alessandro. “What Makes Oral History Different.” In The Oral History Reader, edited by Perks, Robert and Thomson, Alistair, 6374. London: Routledge, 2003.Google Scholar
Poulsen, René T., and Sornn-Friese, Hendrik. “Downfall Delayed: Danish Shipbuilding and Industrial Dislocation.” Business History 53, no. 4 (2011): 557582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudolph, Hedwig. “The New Gastarbeiter System in Germany.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 22, no. 2 (1996): 287300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tenold, Stig. “The Declining Role of Western Europe in Shipping and Shipbuilding.” In Shipping and Shipbuilding in the Postwar Era: Contexts, Companies, Connections, edited by Petersson, Niels P., Tenold, Stig, and White, Nicholas J., 936. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan, 2019.Google Scholar
Tenold, Stig, Kang, J. Y., Kim, Song, and Murphy, Hugh. “International Transfer of Tacit Knowledge: The Transmission of Shipbuilding Skills from Scotland to South Korea in the Early 1970s.” Enterprise and Society 22, no. 2 (2021): 335367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiessen, Janis. “The Narrative Turn, Corporate Storytelling, and Oral History: Canada’s Petroleum Oral History Project and Truth and Reconciliation Commission Call to Action No. 92.” Enterprise and Society 20, no. 1 (2019): 6072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. “Introduction: New Directions in the Anthropology of Migration and Multiculturalism .” In Anthropology of Migration and Multiculturalism: New Directions , edited by Vertovec, Steven, 118. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2010.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. “Super-diversity and its Implications.” In Anthropology of Migration and Multiculturalism: New Directions, edited by Vertovec, Steven, 6596. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2010.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. “Introduction: Formulating Diversity Studies.” In Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies, edited by Vertovec, Steven, 120. London: Routledge, 2015.Google Scholar
Warlouzet, Laurent. “The Collapse of the French Shipyard of Dunkirk and EEC State-Aid Control (1977–86).” Business History 62, no. 5 (2020): 858878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, Johanna. “Bremer Vulkan: A Case Study of the West German Shipbuilding Industry and Its Narratives in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century.” In Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Workers Around the World: Case Studies 1950–2010, edited by Varela, Raquel, Murphy, Hugh, and van der Linden, Marcel, 117142. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Die Welt (Axel Springer Archive, Berlin)Google Scholar
Hamburger Abendblatt (Axel Springer Archive, Berlin)Google Scholar
Kieler Nachrichten (Kieler Nachrichten Archive, Kiel)Google Scholar
Axel Springer Archive, Berlin, GermanyGoogle Scholar
Institut für Arbeit und Wirtschaft (IAW) Archive, University of Bremen, Bremen, GermanyGoogle Scholar
Kieler Nachrichten Archive, Kiel, GermanyGoogle Scholar
State Archives of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, GermanyGoogle Scholar
ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) Company Archive, Kiel, GermanyGoogle Scholar
Albert, Götz. Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Krise der deutschen Schiffbauindustrie 1945–1990. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1998.Google Scholar
Bothe, Katharina. Arbeitskulturen im Wandel. Werften, Migration, Globalisierung. Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2020.Google Scholar
Kappel, Robert, and Rother, Detlev. Wandlungsprozesse in der Schifffahrt und im Schiffbau Westeuropas. Möglichkeiten einer Beeinflussung. Bremen: Institut für Seeverkehrsrecht, 1982.Google Scholar
Ostersehlte, Christian. Von Howaldt zu HDW. 165 Jahre Entwicklung von einer Kieler Eisengießerei zum weltweit operierenden Schiffbau- und Technologiekonzern. Hamburg: Koehler, Company Chronicle, 2004.Google Scholar
Standing, Guy. The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011.Google Scholar
Tenold, Stig. Tankers in Trouble: Norwegian Shipping and the Crisis of the 1970s and 1980s. St. John’s, Newfoundland: International Maritime Economic History Association (Liverpool University Press), 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. Comparing Super-diversity. London: Routledge, 2015.Google Scholar
Witthöft, Hans-Jürgen. Tradition und Fortschritt. 125 Jahre B + V. Hamburg: Koehler, Company Chronicle, 2002.Google Scholar
Association for Shipbuilding and Ocean Technologies e.V. (VSM). 2000. Annual Report 2000. Accessed March 7, 2018, www.vsm.de/sites/default/files/dokumente/39cb0bccbc451e3950690868acaa9e71/jahresbericht2000.pdf.Google Scholar
Blohm + Voss. Annual reports 1960–1997. State Archives of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. “Grounding Globalization.” In Global Ethnography: Forces, Connections, and Imaginations in a Postmodern World, edited by Burawoy, Michael, Blum, Joseph A., George, Sheba, Gille, Zsuzsa, Gowan, Teresa, Haney, Lynne, Klawiter, Maren, Lopez, Steven H., Riain, Seán Ó, and Thayer, Mille, 337350. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. “Manufacturing the Global.” Ethnography 2, no. 2 (2001): 147159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. “Rejoinder: For a Subaltern Global Sociology?Current Sociology 56, no. 3 (2008): 435444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carstensen, Anne Lisa. “Challenging the Trade Union Agenda: Migrants’ Interest Representation and German Trade Unions in Hamburg in the 1970s and 1980s.” Labor History 62, no. 1 (2021): 2340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castles, Stephen. “Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation Perspective.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36, no. 10 (2010): 15651586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cramer, Ulrich. “Beschäftigte im Schiffbau—Opfer des Strukturwandels?” In Küstenregionen im Strukturwandel, edited by Karr, Werner, 70–83. Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, BeitrAB 169. Nuremberg: Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesanstalt für Arbeit, 1993.Google Scholar
Crawford, Robert. “Off the Books: Oral History and Transnational Advertising Agencies in Southeast Asia.” Enterprise and Society 20, no. 1 (2019): 4759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, Robert, and Bailey, Matthew. “Cousins Once Removed? Revisiting the Relationship Between Oral History and Business History.” Enterprise and Society 20, no. 1 (2019): 418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eriksson, Rikard H., Henning, Martin, and Otto, Anne. “Industrial and Geographical Mobility of Workers During Industry Decline: The Swedish and German Shipbuilding Industries 1970–2000.” Geoforum, 75 (2016): 8798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fear, Jeffrey. “Mining the Past: Historicizing Organizational Learning and Change.” In Organizations in Time. History, Theory, Methods, edited by Bucheli, Marcelo and Wadhwani, R. Daniel, 169191. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
German Federal Statistical Office. “Zur Lage im Schiffbau der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.” In Wirtschaft und Statistik 7, 10101016. Stuttgart and Köln: Kohlhammer, 1984.Google Scholar
German Federal Statistics. Statistik für das Verarbeitende Gewerbe—Schiffbaubetriebe. Wiesbaden, 2017.Google Scholar
Gibbs, Ewan. “The Moral Economy of the Scottish Coalfields: Managing Deindustrialization Under Nationalization c.1947–1983.” Enterprise and Society 19, no. 1 (2018): 124152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goeke, Simon. “The Multinational Working Class? Political Activism and Labour Migration in West Germany During the 1960s and 1970s.” Journal of Contemporary History 49, no. 1 (2014): 160182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greve, Henrich R.A Behavioral Theory of R&D Expenditures and Innovations: Evidence from Shipbuilding.” Academy of Management Journal 46, no. 6 (2003): 685702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Per H.Business History: A Cultural and Narrative Approach.” Business History Review 86, no. 4 (2012): 693717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heseler, Heiner. Restrukturing der deutschen Schiffbau-Neuorganisation des Bremer Werftenverbunds. Bremen: Universität Bremen, Kooperationsbereich Universität–Arbeiterkammer, 1993.Google Scholar
Heseler, Heiner. “Sectoral Restructuring: The East German Shipyards on the Path to the Market Economy.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 17, no. 3 (1993): 349363.Google Scholar
Heseler, Heiner, and Brodda, Joachim. Cluster und Prozessketten in der maritimen Industrie. Ansatzpunkte für eine zielgerichtete Wirtschaftsstruktur. Studie im Auftrag der IG Metall Bezirk Küste, Arbeitsheft 11. Berlin: Otto Brenner Stiftung, 2000.Google Scholar
Heseler, Heiner, and Osterland, Martin. “Betriebsstillegung und lokaler Arbeitsmarkt.“ MittAB 19 (1986): 233242.Google Scholar
Hinken, Günter. “Die ‘fremde’ Seite der ‘Deutschland AG’—Arbeitsmigrantinnen und Arbeitsmigranten im deutschen Unternehmenssystem.” In Migration im Wettbewerbsstaat, edited by Hunger, Uwe and Santel, Berhard, 3358. Opladen, Germany: Leske + Budrich, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtrop, André, and Warsewa, Günter. Der Wandel maritimer Strukturen . Bremen: Schriftenreihe Institut Arbeit und Wirtschaft 02, Institut für Arbeit und Wirtschaft (IAW) , Universität/Arbeitnehmerkammer Bremen, 2008.Google Scholar
Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW). Annual reports 1960/1961–2000/2001. ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) Company Archive.Google Scholar
IG Metall–Coastal District. Beschäftigung, Auftragslage, Perspektiven im deutschen Schiffbau. Ergebnisse der Befragung der Betriebsräte im September 1999. Bremen: Institut für Arbeit und Wirtschaft (IAW), Universität Bremen, 1999. Archives of the IAW, University of Bremen.Google Scholar
IG Metall–Coastal District. Beschäftigung, Auftragslage, Perspektiven im deutschen Schiffbau. Ergebnisse der Befragung der Betriebsräte im September 2000. Bremen: Institut für Arbeit und Wirtschaft (IAW), Universität Bremen, 2000. Archives of the IAW, University of Bremen.Google Scholar
IG Metall–Coastal District. Beschäftigung, Auftragslage, Perspektiven im deutschen Schiffbau. Ergebnisse der Befragung der Betriebsräte im September 2002. Bremen: Institut für Arbeit und Wirtschaft (IAW), Universität Bremen, 2002. Archives of the IAW, University of Bremen.Google Scholar
Keulen, Sjoerd, and Kroeze, Ronald. “Back to Business: A Next Step in the Field of Oral History—The Usefulness of Oral History for Leadership and Organizational Research.” Oral History Review 39, no. 1 (2012): 1536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keulen, Sjoerd, and Kroeze, Ronald. “The Rise of Neoliberalism and the Termination of Keynesian Policies: A Multilevel Governance Analysis of the Closure of the Amsterdam Shipyards, 1968–1986.” Enterprise and Society 22, no. 1 (2021): 212246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroeze, Ronald, and Vervloet, Jasmijn. “A Life at the Company: Oral History and Sense Making.” Enterprise and Society 20, no. 1 (2019): 3346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, Chaisung, Kim, Younghun, and Lee, Keun. “Changes in Industrial Leadership and Catch-up by Latecomers in Shipbuilding Industry.” Asian Journal of Technology Innovation 25, no. 1 (2017): 6178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludwig, Thorsten. Die Schiffbauindustrie in Norddeutschland. Branchenstudie im Rahmen des Projektes “Struktureller Wandel und nachhaltige Modernisierung—Perspektiven der Industriepolitik in Norddeutschland.” AGS Agentur für Struktur- und Personalentwicklung GmbH, 2014. Accessed June 3, 2016, https://nord.dgb.de.Google Scholar
Ludwig, Thorsten, and Tholen, Jochen. “Schiffbau in Europa—Europäische Kooperation als Antwort auf die Globalisierung? WSI-Mitteilungen 1 (2007): 1722. Accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.boeckler.de/wsimit_2007_01_ludwig.pdf.Google Scholar
Marx, Christian. “Reorganization of Multinational Companies in the Western European Chemical Industry: Transformations in Industrial Management and Labor, 1960s to 1990s.” Enterprise and Society 21, no. 1 (2020): 3878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLachlan, Christopher J., MacKenzie, Robert, and Greenwood, Ian. “The Role of the Steelworker Occupational Community in the Internalization of Industrial Restructuring: The ‘Layering up’ of Collective Proximal and Distal Experiences.” Sociology 53, no. 5 (2019): 916930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paret, Marcel, and Gleeson, Shannon. “Precarity and Agency Through a Migration Lens.” Citizenship Studies, 20, nos. 3–4 (2016): 277294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portelli, Alessandro. “What Makes Oral History Different.” In The Oral History Reader, edited by Perks, Robert and Thomson, Alistair, 6374. London: Routledge, 2003.Google Scholar
Poulsen, René T., and Sornn-Friese, Hendrik. “Downfall Delayed: Danish Shipbuilding and Industrial Dislocation.” Business History 53, no. 4 (2011): 557582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudolph, Hedwig. “The New Gastarbeiter System in Germany.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 22, no. 2 (1996): 287300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tenold, Stig. “The Declining Role of Western Europe in Shipping and Shipbuilding.” In Shipping and Shipbuilding in the Postwar Era: Contexts, Companies, Connections, edited by Petersson, Niels P., Tenold, Stig, and White, Nicholas J., 936. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan, 2019.Google Scholar
Tenold, Stig, Kang, J. Y., Kim, Song, and Murphy, Hugh. “International Transfer of Tacit Knowledge: The Transmission of Shipbuilding Skills from Scotland to South Korea in the Early 1970s.” Enterprise and Society 22, no. 2 (2021): 335367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiessen, Janis. “The Narrative Turn, Corporate Storytelling, and Oral History: Canada’s Petroleum Oral History Project and Truth and Reconciliation Commission Call to Action No. 92.” Enterprise and Society 20, no. 1 (2019): 6072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. “Introduction: New Directions in the Anthropology of Migration and Multiculturalism .” In Anthropology of Migration and Multiculturalism: New Directions , edited by Vertovec, Steven, 118. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2010.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. “Super-diversity and its Implications.” In Anthropology of Migration and Multiculturalism: New Directions, edited by Vertovec, Steven, 6596. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2010.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. “Introduction: Formulating Diversity Studies.” In Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies, edited by Vertovec, Steven, 120. London: Routledge, 2015.Google Scholar
Warlouzet, Laurent. “The Collapse of the French Shipyard of Dunkirk and EEC State-Aid Control (1977–86).” Business History 62, no. 5 (2020): 858878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, Johanna. “Bremer Vulkan: A Case Study of the West German Shipbuilding Industry and Its Narratives in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century.” In Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Workers Around the World: Case Studies 1950–2010, edited by Varela, Raquel, Murphy, Hugh, and van der Linden, Marcel, 117142. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Die Welt (Axel Springer Archive, Berlin)Google Scholar
Hamburger Abendblatt (Axel Springer Archive, Berlin)Google Scholar
Kieler Nachrichten (Kieler Nachrichten Archive, Kiel)Google Scholar
Axel Springer Archive, Berlin, GermanyGoogle Scholar
Institut für Arbeit und Wirtschaft (IAW) Archive, University of Bremen, Bremen, GermanyGoogle Scholar
Kieler Nachrichten Archive, Kiel, GermanyGoogle Scholar
State Archives of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, GermanyGoogle Scholar
ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) Company Archive, Kiel, GermanyGoogle Scholar