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COGNITIVE CORRUPTION AND DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 May 2019

Adrian Blau*
Affiliation:
Political Economy, King’s College London

Abstract:

This essay defends deliberative democracy by reviving a largely forgotten idea of corruption, which I call “cognitive corruption”—the distortion of judgment. I analyze different versions of this idea in the work of Machiavelli, Hobbes, Bentham, and Mill. Historical analysis also helps me rethink orthodox notions of corruption in two ways: I define corruption in terms of public duty rather than public office, and I argue that corruption can be both by and for political parties. In deliberative democracy, citizens can take off their party hats and may be more influenced by the force of the better argument than in party democracy.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Social Philosophy and Policy Foundation 2019 

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Footnotes

*

For comments and criticisms on an earlier version of this essay, I thank my anonymous reviewers, Donald Bello Hutt, Michael Johnston, David Lebow, Helen McCabe, Rob Sparling, David Schmidtz, Philip Schofield, James Shafe, participants at the European Hobbes Society Workshop at the EUI, Florence (27-28 April, 2017), and the other contributors to the present volume.

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39 Blau, “Hobbes on Corruption.”

40 Buchan and Hill, An Intellectual History of Political Corruption, 16.

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42 Pitkin, Hanna, Fortune is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the Thought of Niccolò Machiavelli, extended edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 25.Google Scholar See, for example, Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, trans. Harvey Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996), book 1 chapter 6, p. 23; book 1, chap. 19, p. 52; book 2, chap. 2, pp. 131–32.

43 Dobel, “Corruption of a State.”

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46 Machiavelli, Discourses 3.8, 1, 237. (Hereafter, references to Machiavelli follow the following format: book. chapter, page.) But compare Machiavelli, Florentine Histories, trans. Laura Banfield and Harvey Mansfield (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) 4.24, 170, which equates corruption with bribery.

47 Machiavelli, Discourses 1.17, 47; see also 1.35, 76; 1.42, 90; 3.8, 237.

48 Ibid., preface to book 2, 124.

49 Ibid., 1.47, 96.

50 Machiavelli, Florentine Histories 7.29, 307.

51 Ibid., 3.5, 109–12.

52 Shumer, Sara, “Machiavelli: Republican Politics and its Corruption,” Political Theory 7 (1979): 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For a contemporary variant of this idea, see Satz, Debra, “Markets, Privatization, and Corruption,” Social Research 80 (2013): 996, 9981006.Google Scholar

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56 Machiavelli, Florentine Histories 2.4, 57.

57 Ibid., 3.5, 110–11; emphasis added.

58 Machiavelli, “A Discourse on Remodelling the Government of Florence,” in Machiavelli, The Chief Works and Others, Vol. 1, trans. Allan Gilbert (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1958), 103, 109.

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66 E.g., Machiavelli, Florentine Histories 3.5, 110.

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71 For an analysis of all of Hobbes’s comments on corruption, see Blau, “Hobbes on Corruption.”

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78 Hobbes, Leviathan 14.30, 98; see also On the Citizen 2.19, 40; Opera Latina 3, 110.

79 Hobbes, On the Citizen 13.17, 152; emphasis added.

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85 Hobbes, Leviathan 25.2–25.4, 176–77; 25.6–25.9, 177–78.

86 Ibid., 25.6, 177.

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97 E.g., Bentham, “Constitutional Code Rationale,” in Jeremy Bentham, First Principles Preparatory to Constitutional Code, ed. Philip Schofield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 326.

98 E.g., Bentham, “Economy as Applied to Office,” in Jeremy Bentham, First Principles Preparatory to Constitutional Code, ed. Philip Schofield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 17.

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103 James Shafe, Counting and Talking, 8, 64–70, 193, 204.

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111 Bentham, “Plan of Parliamentary Reform,” 482; emphasis removed.

112 Bentham, “Fellow-Citizens,” 433; emphasis removed.

113 Bentham, “Supreme Operative,” in Jeremy Bentham, First Principles Preparatory to Constitutional Code, ed. Philip Schofield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 224.

114 Ibid., 204.

115 E.g., Bentham, “Economy as Applied to Office,” 24.

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121 Bentham, “Plan of Parliamentary Reform,” 493–94.

122 Bentham, “Constitutional Code Rationale,” 264.

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125 Bentham, “Fellow-Citizens,” 436; emphasis removed.

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146 Ibid., 2.9, 158.

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