Infections (Yankner et al., 1986; Calabrese, 1991; Ford-Jones et al., 1998; Nogueras et al., 2002; Rodriguez and Stone, 2006) |
Bacterial infections |
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum, Salomonella typhi, other |
Viral infections |
Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, parvovirus B19, enterovirus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, JC virus, human immunodeficiency virus |
Fungus infections |
Aspergillus, Coccidiodes, Candida albicans, Actinomyces spp., mycomycosis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Toxoplasma, Nocardia, Cryptococcus, other |
Protozoal infections |
Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, other |
Systemic vasculitis (Nishino et al., 1993; Engel et al., 1995; von Scheven et al., 1998; Pomper et al., 1999; Nadeau, 2002; Mastorodemos et al., 2006; Moshous et al., 2007) |
Takayasu arteritis Polyarteritis nodosa Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated systemic vasculitis including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis), microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, formerly known as Churg–Strauss syndrome) Behçet's disease |
Giant cell arteritis | Kawasaki disease Henoch–Schönlein purpura |
Systemic rheumatic diseases (Alrawi et al., 1999; Aviv et al., 2006, 2007; Benseler et al., 2006; Kirton et al., 2006; Venkateswaran et al., 2008; Iannetti et al., 2012; Mandell et al., 2012; Abers et al., 2013) |
Systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, systemic scleroderma, others |
Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, others | Juvenile dermatomyositis, morphea, others |
Systemic inflammatory disease/immune dysregulation (Akman-Demir et al., 2006; Moshous et al., 2007; Gupta and Weizman, 2010; Crow and Casanova, 2014; Garg et al., 2014; Navon Elkan et al., 2014; Zhou et al., 2014; De Felice et al., 2015) |
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), including primary HLH and secondary HLH/macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) Inflammatory bowel disease Autoinflammatory diseases, including cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), familiar Mediterranean fever (FMF), others Graft-versus-host disease, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) |
Cryoglobulinemia with vasculitis | Monogenic immune dysregulations, including:- •
STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) - •
Adenosince desaminase deficiency (DADA 2) - •
Aicardi–Goutière's syndrome (AGS)
|
Metabolic diseases (Mancuso et al., 2004, 2011; Winterthun et al., 2005; Tzoulis et al., 2010; Scalais et al., 2012) |
| Polymerase gamma (POLG) deficiency McArdle disease glycogen storage disease Vitamin B12 deficiency (Al Kawi et al., 2004) |
Malignancies, including angioblastic T-cell lymphoma, others (Jellinger et al., 1979; Borenstein et al., 1988; Kleinschmidt-DeMasters et al., 1992) |
Paraneoplastic vasculitis |
Urticarial hypocomplementemic, malignancy-related vasculitis | |
Drug-induced vasculitis (Aoki et al., 2002) |
Radiation-induced vasculitis (Aoki et al., 2002) |